Logic - Module 2

Simple Apprehension

grasps a particular entity or reality

Idea

mental product

Term

verbal or written manifestation of an idea

Characteristics of Term

A sign, conventional sign, and expressive of an idea

Denotation

dictionary definition

Connotation

the associations that are connected to certain word

Classification of Terms

Comprehension, Extension, Meaning, Quality, Opposition, Object

According to Comprehension

clarity, definitenes, or relation of the term's meaning

Simple

only one idea

Compound

two or more ideas combined into one concept

Concrete

capable of being perceived through the senses

Abstract

signify an attribute apart

According to Extension

how many individuals or members

Singular

one specific individual only

Universal

all individuals

Particular

an indefinite group or individuals

Collective

a group taken as one unit

According to Meaning

how a term is understood in terms of its meaning

Univocal

has only one meaning

Equivocal

different meanings, depending on the context

Analogous

different but related meaning

According to Quality

positive and negative, depending in form and meaning

According to Opposition

how terms are related in meaning in opposition to each other

Contradictory

opposed to each other in terms of their meaning

Contrary

afford to leave a middle ground or possibility of relations

Paradoxical

contradictory yet combinable

According to Object

divided into real, logical, and imaginary

Real

existential actuality, whether positive or negative

Logical

beings that exist only in the mind

Imaginary

fictitious

Supposition of Terms

relation obtained between the term and what it specifically designates

Proper Supposition

stands for the proper object in the real order

Material

the term itself as either written or spoken without referring to its meaning

Formal

the real meaning of the term

Formal Logical

universal concept or idea

Formal Real

actual existing things

Improper Supposition

use of metaphor and figurative speech

Definere

to enclose within a limit

Genus

the general class

Specific DIfference

the distinguishing mark

Real Definiton

tells us what the thing actually is

Essential Definition

complete; expressed the essence of a thing

Distinctive Definition

the attributes or properties of a thing

Genetic Definition

the process of origin

Accidental Definition

contingently connected with its properties

Causal Definition

pertains to efficient and final cause

Efficient Cause

defined by identifying the agent or source that produces the thing

Final Cause

defines by identifying the purpose or end of the thing

Nominal Definition

what the name of the thing means, not what the thing is

Etymology

gives the origin of the world

Ostensive

giving example

Synonymous

defines a word by giving words with similar meaning

Language

body of words, sounds, signs, symbols, gestures, feelings, and thoughts conceived as a means to communicate

Expressive Function

express a certain feeling or emotion

Practical Function

practical use of language; takes the form of imperative statements

Performative Function

used to fulfill an undertaking

Complex Function

combination of the different function of language

Logical Function

used for reasoning, analyzing, and judging an argument for clarification and conclusion