Protein Synthesis

RNA

RNA

Ribose nucleic acid

Uracil

What nucleotide does RNA have instead of thymine?

DNA to RNA to Protein

Central dogma of biology

mRNA

Messenger RNA

Copy of DNA that goes out to the cytoplasm

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA

RNA inside the ribosome that reads the mRNA

tRNA

Transfer RNA

Has an anticodon on one end and the amino acid on the other. Builds the polypeptide chain.

Transcription

The process of copying DNA into mRNA

RNA polymerase

Enzyme that unzips the DNA and makes a copy of mRNA

Promoter

The part of DNA that tells RNA polymerase where to start

Introns

During RNA editing, these parts are discarded

Exons

During RNA editing, these parts are kept

Evolution and diversity

Why does RNA editing happen?

Transcription and translation

What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis?

Transcription

DNA to RNA

Translation

RNA to proteins

Codon

3 letter word made of nucleotides that codes an amino acid

AUG

Start codon

Anticodon

Opposite nucleotides for a codon

Peptide bonds

Amino acids are held together by

Polypeptide chain

Chain of amino acids

Mutations

changes in genetic information (sometimes hertitable)

Gene mutations

Mutation in 1 gene

Chromosomal mutations

Mutation in a chromosome

Substitution

Gene mutation in which one bair pair is put in place of the other

Insertion/deletion

Gene mutation in which a nucleotide is added or removed

Point mutations

Another name for gene mutations

Frameshift mutations

Insertion/deletion mutations can cause ________ _________

Deletion

Chromosomal mutation in which a whole section is removed

Duplication

Chromosomal mutation in which a whole section is copied

Inversion

Chromosomal mutation in which the order of the sections of chromosomes are changed

Translocation

Chromosomal mutation in which part of a different chromosome is added

Evolution

Mutations are a major cause of what biological process?

Mutagens

Chemical/physical factors in the enviroment that cause mutations

Initiation

1st step of transcription

Polymerase start copying at a promoter

Elongation

2nd step of transcription

Polymerase builds form 5’ to 3’

Termination

3rd step of transcription

mRNA is complete

20

How many amino acids are there?

64

How many codons are there?

Silent mutations

Mutations that go unnoticed are called ________ __________

Transcribed into RNA

An expressed gene is _________ ______ ____

Regulatory sites

Located next to promoters that turn them on/off so that a gene can be expressed

4

How many levels of protein folding are there?

Function

Shape determines __________