Kinesiology Test #1

kinesiology

study of how motion of human movement

anatomic kinesiology

study of human musculoskeletal system & musculotendinous system

biomechanics

application of mechanical physics to human motion

anatomical position

most widely used & accurate for all aspects of the body
- standing in an upright position, facing straight ahead, feel parallel and close, and palms facing forward

fundamental position

similar to anatomical position except, palms are facing the body

anterior

in front or in the front part

anteroinferior

in front & below

anterosuperior

in front & above

anterolateral

in front & to the side, especially the outside

anteromedial

in front & toward the inner side or midline

anteroposterior

relating to both front and rear

posterior

behind, in back, or in the rear

posteroinferior

behind & below; in back & be

posterolateral

behind & to one side, specifically to the outside

posteromedial

behind & to the inner side

posterosuperior

behind & at the upper part

inferior (infra)

below in relation to another structure; caudal

superior (supra)

above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic

inferolateral

below & to the outside

inferomedial

below & toward the midline or inside

superolateral

above & to the outside

superomedial

above & toward the midline or inside

contralateral

pertaining or relating to the opposite side

ipsilateral

on the same side

bilateral

relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as left and

cephalic

above in relation to another structure; higher; superior

caudal

below in relation to another structure; inferior

superficial

near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

deep

beneath of below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

distal

situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin

proximal

nearest the trunk of the point of origin

lateral

on or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane

medial

relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plane

median

relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane

dexter

relating to, or situated to the right or on the right side of something

sinister

relating to, or situated to the left or on the left side of something

prone

the body lying face downward; stomach lying

supine

lying on the back; face upward position of the body

dorsal

relating to the back; being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part, or upper surface of
-also relating to the top of the foot

ventral

relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of

palmar

relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand

volar

relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot

plantar

relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot

posterior axillary line

line that is parallel to mid-axillary line & passes through posterior axillary skinfold

mid-clavicular line

line running vertically down surface of body passing through midpoint of clavicle

mid-inguinal point

point midway between anterior superior iliac spine & pubic symphysis

scapula line

line running vertically down posterior surface of body passing through inferior angle of scapula

vertebral line

line running vertically down through spinous processes of spine

mid-axillary line

line running vertically down surface of body passing through apex of axilla (armpit)

mid-sternal line

line running vertically down surface of body passing through muddle of sternum

anterior axillary line

line parallel to mid-axillary line & passing through anterior axillary skinfold

fibular

relating to fibular (lateral) side of lower extremity

tibial

relating to tibial (medial) side of lower extremity

radial

relating to radial (lateral) side of forearm or hand

ulnar

relating to ulnar (medial) side of forearm or hand

scapular plane

in line with normal resting position of scapula as it lies on posterior rib cage
- movements are in line with scapular
- 30 to 45 degrees from frontal plane

anteversion

abnormal or excessive rotation forward of a structure, such a femoral anteversion

retroversion

abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure, such as femoral retroversion

kyphosis

increased curving of the spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane

lordosis

increased curving of the spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane

scoliosis

lateral curving of the spine

recurvatum

bending backward, as in knee hyperextension

valgus

outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees

varus

inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs

planes of motion

imaginary 2-D surface through which a limb or body segment is moved
- motion through a plane revolves around an axis
- 90 degree relationship between a plane or motion & its axis

sagittal/anteroposterior plane

divides body into equal, bilateral segments
- it bisects body into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right and left half
- ex: sit-up

frontal/lateral/coronal plane

divides the body into (front) anterior and (back) posterior halves
- ex: jumping jacks

transverse/axial/horizontal plane

divides body into (top) superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position
- ex: spinal rotation to left or right

high diagonal

upper limbs at shoulder joints
- overhand skills
- ex: baseball pitch

low diagonal

upper limbs at shoulder joints & lower limbs at the hip joints
- underhand skills
- ex: discus thrower, kickers, & punters

axes of rotation

for movement to occur in a plane, it must turn or rotate about an axis
- named in relation to their orientation
- 90 degrees to the plane of motion

frontal/coronal/lateral or mediolateral axis

has same orientation as frontal plane of motion
- runs from side to side at a right angle to sagittal plane of motion
- runs medial/lateral
- commonly includes flexion, extension movements

sagittal/anteroposterior axis

has same orientation as sagittal plane of motion & runs from front to back at a right angle to frontal plane of motion
- runs anterior/posterior
- commonly includes abduction, adduction movements

vertical/long/longitudinal axis

runs straight down through top of head & is at a right angle to transverse plane of motion
- runs superior/inferior
- commonly includes internal rotation, external rotation movements

diagonal/oblique axis

runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane

axial regions

cephalic (head)
cervical (neck)
trunk

appendicular regions

upper & lower regions