Chapter 3. Histology
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84 Terms
What is histology?
The study of body tissue
What is cell differentiation?
It’s the developmental process that results in the formation of different (specialized) types of cells.
What are the four types of tissue in the body?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
What are the 3 general characteristics of epithelial tissue?
The epithelial cells adhere (stick) close together
The epithelial tissues contain no blood vessels (avascular)
They’re often found covering a body surface/lining body cavities
What does avascular mean?
without blood vessels
What are 3 ways epithelial tissue are classified?
layers
shape
modifications
What are simple cells?
They are cells with 1 layer
What are stratified cells?
They are cells with multiple layers
How do squamous cells look?
flat
How do cuboidal cells look?
boxy
How do columnar cells look?
Long, like a column
What are the 3 cellular modifications?
cillia
microvilli
goblet cells
What types of cells do you find cellular modifications on?
columnar epithelial cells
What are cillia?
They are fine motile hairs
What are microvilli?
They are finger-like extensions of the cell AKA brush border
What are goblet cells?
They are mucous secreting cells.
Where do you find simple squamous epithelial cells?
in the alveoli, the lining of blood vessels, and within various membranes of the body.
Where are simple cuboidal cells found?
the urinary tubules of the kidney, the lives, pancreas, thyroid and other glands of the body.
What does Aden/o mean?
gland
Where do you find simple columnar cilitated epithelial cells?
In the fallopian tubes (oviducts)
What do cillia on the fallopian tubes do?
They carry eggs up to the ovaries
Where do you find simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells ?
in the stomach
What do goblet cells in your stomach do?
neutralize stomach acid
Where do you find simple columnar brush border epithelium with goblet cells?
In the lining of the intestine
Where do you find pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
in the lining of the respiratory tract
What does pseudo mean?
false
What does pseudostratified mean?
false layers
What does cilia on the respiratory tract do?
catch dust
Where do you find transitional epithelium
in the lining of the urinary bladder
Why is it called transitional epithelium?
The tissue changes/transforms, because it stretches as the bladder fills with urine.
What does lumen mean?
whole
What are the 2 subtypes of stratified squamous epithelium?
Non keratinizing and keratinizing
What is Keratin?
dead layers of cells
Where do you find keratin
In your skin, nails, and hair
What are non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?
They are non-dead layers of cells
Where do you find non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?
in the oral cavity, anal canal, and vaginal canal
What is keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?
dead layers of cells
Where do you find keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?
in the epidermis of the skin
What do all cells need to be surrounded by?
fluid
What is the function of connective tissue?
to connect and support the other tissues of the body
How are connective tissue classified?
They are classified based on the type of cell and the type of intercellular matter between the cells
What is areolar loose connective tissue?
They are fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells.
What are fibroblasts?
They are a principal type of cell that secrete proteins into the space between cells.
What are macrophages?
They engulf foreign agents such as cells
What are mast cells?
They are cells that secrete histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation
What is inflammation?
It refers to the local dilation of blood vessels (erythema), local increase in the permeability of blood vessels (causes edema), and the local stimulation of pain fibers (causes pain)
What does erythema mean?
Turning red
What is edema?
swelling
What are 2 proteins secreted by fibroblasts?
collagen and elastin
What is collagen?
protein fibers that strengthen the tissue
What is elastin?
protein fibers that bring elasticity to the tissue
What is adipose tissue?
It refers to tissue made of cells with closely packed adipose (fat) cells
What is the function of adipose tissue?
Adipose tissues provides a reserve of food (for energy), insulate against heat loss, support & protects the organs it encloses
What are three common locations of adipose tissue
Under the skin (subcutaneous fat), around the kidneys and eyeballs, and around the buttocks and breasts
What are the two subtypes of dense fibrous connective tissue?
The regularly arranged dense fibrous tissue and the irregularly arranged dense fibrous tissue.
What are five places where dense fibrous connective tissue is common?
tendons (muscles to bones), ligaments (cords that connect bones together), fascia (encloses muscles), perichondrium & periosteum (cartilage and bones)
What does peri mean?
around
How do regularly arranged fibrous connective tissue look?
The protein fibers are arranged in parallel bundles
How do irregularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue look?
The protein fibers are interwoven, running in all directions
What is special about cartilage tissue, unlike other connective tissue?
it has no blood vessels (non-vascular) which is an exception to other connective tissues
What are the three subtypes of cartilage?
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
What are 4 locations where hyaline cartilage is found?
The embryonic long bones of the body, the front of the nose, the trachea & larynx, and the surfaces of articulating bones.
Where is elastic cartilage found?
The external ear (pinna)
Where is fibrocartilage found?
In the intervertebral disks
What are osteocytes?
They are a bone cell surrounded by a pocket of fluid
What does a compact bone look like?
The osteocytes are arranged in concentric circles known as haversian systems (osteons).
What does a spongy bone look like?
The osteocytes are arranged in a spongy network
What are osteoblasts?
They are cells that secrete calcium minerals and form bone tissue
What are osteoclasts?
cells that break-down calcium mineral
What is resorption?
the breakdown of calcium mineral
What is ossification?
the formation of bone tissue
What are the haversian systems
The arrangement of osteocytes in concentric circles, also known as osteons
What is a diaphysis?
the shaft of the bone
What is an epiphysis?
The wide end of bone, that can be separated from the diaphysis by the epiphyseal plates
What is the medullary cavity?
It is a cavity in the bones that contains red marrow
What is hemopoiesis?
hemopoiesis means to create blood
What is hemopoietic tissue?
It includes blood and lymph. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets are included.
What are erythrocytes?
They are red blood cells which are responsible for transporting O2 and CO2
What are leukocytes?
They’re white blood cells that produce antibodies and interferon that inactivate foreign agents.Phagocytes are a type of leukocyte that engulf foreign agents.
What are platelets?
They are cell fragments that produce thromboplastin which triggers blood clotting
What are neoplasms?
They are tumors
What are benign tumors?
They are harmless tumors
What are malignant tumors
They are cancerous tumors
What is thromboplastin?
They are a substance that triggers blood clotting
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