Spring 2025 Final Exam APWH/APUSH

UGHHHHHH WHYYYYY FLORES

Alien and Sedation Acts

a set of four laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress during a period of tension with France, aimed at restricting immigration and limiting freedom of speech in the United States, particularly targeting foreign nationals and dissenters.

Anti federalists

individuals who opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in the late 18th century

Articles of Confederation

the United States' first constitution, adopted in 1777 and ratified in 1781, serving as the nation's governing document until the U.S. Constitution

Bacon’s Rebellion

a colonial revolt in Virginia from 1676 to 1677, led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley

Battle of Breed’s Hill

the first major battle of the American Revolutionary War (IN Charlestown Massachusetts.)

Battle of Concord

April 19, 1775, marked the start of the American Revolutionary War

Battle of New Orleans

the final major battle of the War of 1812, fought on January 8, 1815, where American forces, led by Andrew Jackson, defeated the British.

Battle of Princeton

a significant engagement during the American Revolutionary War fought on January 3, 1777, where American forces led by George Washington defeated British troops.

Battle of Saratoga

A crucial turning point in the American Revolutionary War, taking place in 1777, where American forces defeated the British and convinced France to support the colonies.

Battle of Trenton

a pivotal battle during the American Revolutionary War fought on December 26, 1776, where George Washington led a surprise attack against Hessian forces, securing a significant victory for the Continental Army.

Battle of Yorktown

the last major battle of the American Revolutionary War, fought in 1781, where American and French forces besieged British troops, leading to their surrender and effectively ending the war.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing individual liberties and rights such as freedom of speech, religion, and the right to bear arms.

Boston Massacre

a deadly confrontation between British soldiers and American colonists on March 5, 1770, which fueled anti-British sentiments and contributed to the American Revolution.

Broad Constructionism

a judicial philosophy that interprets the Constitution with a broader view, allowing for implied powers of the federal government beyond those explicitly stated.

Checks and Balances

a fundamental principle of the U.S. Constitution that ensures no single branch of government becomes too powerful by allowing each branch to limit the powers of the others.

Columbian Exchange

the transfer of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World following Columbus's voyages in the 15th century.

Daniel Shay

was a former Revolutionary War soldier who led Shays' Rebellion, a revolt against economic injustices and the lack of governmental response in Massachusetts in 1786-1787.

Doctrine of Nullification

the idea that states have the right to invalidate any federal law they deem unconstitutional, significantly proposed by John C. Calhoun.

Doctrine of Predestination

God has predetermined the eternal destiny of individuals, including their salvation or damnation, before they are even born

Election of 1800

a pivotal event in American history, marking the first peaceful transfer of power between opposing political parties.

Eli Whitney

two significant innovations: the cotton gin, which revolutionized cotton production, and the concept of interchangeable parts, which was crucial for the development of mass manufacturing.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

leader in the women's rights movement, particularly for her work advocating for women's suffrage and her role in organizing the first women's rights convention in the United States

Federalists

leader of the movement for African American civil rights. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, Douglass became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York

Frederick Douglass

Horace Mann

often called the "Father of the American Public School System". He spearheaded the Common School Movement, advocating for free, universal, and non-sectarian public education

Indentured Servitude

system where individuals voluntarily agree to work for a specified period in exchange for passage to a new land, often America, and sometimes basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter

James Madison

American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father, serving as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He is widely known as the "Father of the Constitution"

John Marshall

34 years as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, where he shaped the judiciary into a co-equal branch of government

John Winthrob

John Winthrop was famous for his role as the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and his leadership in the Puritan settlement of New England. He's also known for his influential writings, particularly his sermon "A Model of Christian Charity. Symbol of exceptionalism

Johnathon Edwards

prominent American revivalist preacher, philosopher, and Congregationalist theologian who lived from 1703 to 1758. He is best known for his role in the Great Awakening, a period of religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s

Lexington and Concord

fought on April 19, 1775, were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War

Louisiana Purchase

the acquisition of 828,000 square miles of territory from France by the United States in 1803.

Marbury vs. Madison

established the principle of judicial review, granting the Supreme Court the power to declare laws and executive actions unconstitutional

Marcantilism

an economic theory dominant in Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries, centered around the idea that a nation's wealth was measured by its gold and silver reserves. It promoted a system of protectionist policies, where the government actively regulated trade and encouraged exports while discouraging imports

Missouri Compromise

addressed the issue of slavery in the newly acquired Louisiana Territory, particularly concerning Missouri's admission as a state. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state simultaneously to maintain the balance between slave and free states in Congress

Nathaniel Bacon

a leader of Bacon's Rebellion (1676–1677), a dramatic uprising against the governor that ended with Bacon's sudden death

New Jersey Plan

a proposal for the structure of the United States government presented at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. It aimed to protect the interests of smaller states by advocating for equal representation in the national legislature, with each state having one vote

Northwest Ordinances

established a framework for governing the Northwest Territory and outlined a process for its territories to eventually become states

Robert Fulton

An American engineer and inventor best known for developing the first commercially successful steamboat, the Clermont, which revolutionized water transportation in the early 19th century.

Shay’s Rebellion

A series of protests by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments.

Stamp Act

A law passed by the British Parliament in 1765 that required colonists to pay a tax on printed materials, which sparked widespread protest and agitation in the American colonies.

Stono Rebellion

A slave uprising in 1739 in South Carolina where enslaved Africans revolted against their owners, resulting in several deaths and stricter slave laws.

Strict constructionism

A legal philosophy that interprets the Constitution literally, emphasizing the limited powers of the federal government.

Temperance Movement

A social and political campaign advocating for the reduction or prohibition of alcohol consumption.

Three-fifths Compromise

A constitutional agreement reached during the 1787 Constitutional Convention that counted three out of every five slaves for purposes of representation and taxation.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to designated Indian Territory, resulting in significant suffering and loss of life.

Virginia Plan

A proposal for a strong national government, featuring a bicameral legislature with representation based on state population.

War of 1812

A conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815, primarily over issues of trade restrictions and the impressment of American sailors.

Washington’s Farewell Address

A letter written by George Washington to the American people in 1796, urging unity and the avoidance of political parties and foreign alliances.

William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent abolitionist and journalist, Garrison founded the anti-slavery newspaper "The Liberator" in 1831, advocating for immediate emancipation of enslaved people.