Ivan the Terrible

Ivan the Terrible ends the period of

gathering of lands

Gathering of lands ends in

1533

He strengthened central

power

and created an administrative

apparatus

meaning ‘the terrible’ - in Russian, this is strict, like a father, rather than just ‘terrible’

Groznyi

When he took the throne in 1533, he was a child, and until 1538 his regent was

his mother, Elena Glinskaia

His mother is killed soon after, and he spends his childhood seeing the violence of

the boyars fighting for power

Belsky and Shuisky

Boyar families competing for dominance during Ivan IV’s childhood. The Shuiskys likely poisoned Elena and liberated Ivan Belsky from prison.

At 13, Ivan takes the throne, and his first order was to

imprison the boyars

At 16, he married

Anastasia Romanov

Anastasia Romanov was importantly not from this group

boyars

Before Ivan, this was the central political structure

grand prince, boyar council

Under Ivan, this was the central political institution

Tsar

Boyar Council

Zemskii Sobor

Ivan was crowned tsar in

1547

Zemskii Sobor

gathering of the representatives of the estates, first held in 1549

prikazy

administrative, judicial, territorial, or executive office to function on behalf of authority, and were usually subordinate to the boyar duma, but had too many overlaps with each other

local government reform consisted of the abolishment of this system in which local officials ‘fed’ off of the territory they governed. A prince’s official received food and lodging from the locals

kormlenie

religious reform took place in this year

1551

religious reform aimed to

regulate the church in relation to the state/society

the church lost the right to

acquire lands without the permission of the tsar

as a result, the church was more

centralized

military reforms took place in this year

1556

in 1556, the military was regulated by

-new regulations for gentry military service

-the number of men and horses a landlord had to present depended on the size of their estate

with these reforms, there was greater stress on

artillery, engineering, development of the southern defense line

Ivan IV created the first permanent

regiments

these regiments were called

streltsy/musketeers

Ivan reigned from

1533-1598

traditionally, most Russian foreign policy was focused toward the

south

because the golden hoard has broken into

4 kanats

foreign policy is now directed towards

Siberia

the conquest of Siberia began

as a private campaign

it was sponsored by the

Stroganoff family

Ivan also went northwest after recognizing the

strategic importance of the Baltic

The war with the Livonian War was broken into two parts. The first part was

successful, because the order was disintegrating

the second part of the war

Russia is defeated by a coalition of Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, and the war comes to nothing, but Ivan has opened the door

khazaks

formed by peasants, gentry, boyars, all of whom are fugitives of some kind who settled at the border of the state. defend the borders. social group. elect their own leaders and had lots of autonomy. rob merchants, make raids

His plan according to Eisenstein’s film at the age of 16

consolidated state, standing streltsy army, donate money if you don’t join INCLUDING the churches, Russia profits from the church, kill opposition, Moscow is the third and final Rome, end boyar dominance, get access to the Baltic sea

this policy, from 1564-72, included the redistribution of lands, taxation of zenschina, and execution of boyar families. It can refer to the special lands under the tsar’s direct management AND the policy of Ivan IV aimed at diminishing the economic and political power of the boyars

oprichnina

the best lands went to the oprichina, the poorer lands went to the

zemshchina

while the oprichnina was the tsar’s domain, the zemshchina

worked under the old rules - boyars duma

the rest of the lands, representing the boyars’ lands under the jurisdiction of the Boyar Council/Duma

zemshchina

members of a special army created by Ivan to implement the policy of oprichnina

oprichniki

there are two ways to evaluate Ivan’s reign

-explaining events based on his madness

-explaining events based on the needs of the centralized state, especially the need to fight the remnants of the appanage period

1552-1557 marked a successful war against the

Khanate of Kazan

1554 and 1556 marked successful wars against the

Khanate of Astrakhan

1558-1583 saw the

Livonnian War

Up to 1563 marked the first stage of the Livonian War, and Muscovite Russia acquired

some Baltic lands

the latter 20 years of the war

war for the Livonian lands against Lithuania and Poland, later Sweden. Russia loses all land in the Baltic