Set 8 - The Industrial Revolution, Imperialism

The Domestic System

Early industrial labor system in which workers produced goods at home

The Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

Laissez-faire economics

Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.

Invisible Hand

term economists use to describe the self-regulating nature of the marketplace

Enclosure

the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers

Legal protection of private property

Laws safeguarding entrepreneurs in Britain's manufacturing sector

Water Frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

British Agricultural Revolution

the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labour and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries

First Industrial Revolution

beginning in Great Britain in the 1780s, which gave rise to textiles, railroads, iron, and coal

Capitalists

people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits

Accumulation of Capital

Gradual increase in wealth that can be invested in new development

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

Middle Class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Interchangeable Parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

Fossil Fuel Revolution

Transformed the worlds energy usage from wood to fuel

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

Railroads and Steamships

Were the major transportation developments of the 19th century. Powered by the steam engine, these developments made travel easier and cheaper

Specialization of Labor

Focusing work effort on a particular product or a single task

Alcoholism

A disease in which a person has a physical or psychological dependence on drinks that contain alcohol

Breaker Boys

Boys that worked in the coal mines for low pay and under dangerous conditions

Irish Potato Famine

The potato crops in Ireland became diseased and the Irish starved. Set off the immigration to the U.S.

Assembly Line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

Luddite Movement

1811, cottage industry workers burned factories and smashed machines

Sadler Report

A report on child labor conditons that led to new laws against child labor because of bad working conditions.

Labor Movement

Generally, the economic and political expression of working-class interests; politically, the organization of working-class interests.

Combination Acts

These were the laws passed by the Parliament that prohibited the English people from forming a union

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives

Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel.

Suffragettes

People who campaigned for women's right to vote in the late 1800's and early 1900's.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

leading figures in the women's rights movement

Emily Davison

Threw herself under the Kings horse at the Derby to draw attention to the women's movement and was killed.

Factory Act of 1833

An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Communist Manifesto

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

Abolitionist Movement

Movement to end slavery in the United States and its territories

Olaudah Equiano

An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement.

William Wilberforce

British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.

Princess Isabel

daughter of Pedro II who declared all slaves in Brazil to be free

Abolition of Slavery Act

1833

West Africa Squadron

British Royal Navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans.

Liberia

In 1820, the American Colonization Society created a colony in West Africa for freed slaves to go. By the 1840s this colony had its own constitution and became and independent nation.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

David Livingstone

Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873)

Congo Free State

a large area in Central Africa that was privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium. He was able to secretly treat the people of the colony very badly until he was forced to give it up.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Economic Imperialism

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.

Diamonds in South Africa

As diamonds were found in South Africa in the late 1800's, the British began to colonize Africa and force them to mine in Africa for them for extremely low wages - lower than in Britain, and eventually caused a lot of failed African resistance and the Anglo-Boer wars because of the divide and tension that British authority created

De Beers Mining Company

Owned by British Cecil Rhodes, this company controlled up to 90% of the world's rough diamonds.

Palm Oil

A West African tropical product often used to make soap; the British encouraged its cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade.

Unilever

Transnational business based in England and the Netherlands operating in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo

Meat (Argentina)

The export of meat from Argentina and Uruguay during the late 19th and early 20th centuries exemplified an export economy supporting industrial imperial powers, particularly Britain.

Port of Buenos Aires

Capital of Argentina that was transformed into bustling port through the infusion of capital from British firms. Argentina became one of the world's principal exporters of agricultural products through exploitation of its fertile plains as a result.

Copper in Chile

Chile is the world's largest producer and exporter of copper.

Rubber in Amazon & Congo basin

The act of manufacturing rubber became a huge competitive game; people were trying to monopolize the rubber-treed areas. The country with the most devastating impact was the Congo Free State. Most of Africa's rubber came from trees and vines. Areas where rubber was being harvested were constantly threatened by exhaustion of supplies.

Vulcanization

process of treating rubber to make it more useful

Opium

substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)

Bank created in 1865 with one center in Hong Kong and one in Shanghai to meet the needs of European merchants who needed a local bank to finance the heavy transnational trade between China and Europe. Initially it is an example of a 19th century transnational business engaged in economic imperialism.

Guano industries in Peru and Chile

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the guano industries in Peru and Chile started to produce Guano, a natural fertilizer rich in nutrients, harvested from seabird colonies on coastal islands. Peru's industry, thriving on the Chincha Islands, supplied Europe and North America, while Chile's later industry contributed to its economy, but intensive exploitation caused environmental damage and seabird depletion. The course theme for this term is Economic.

Export Economy

A type of economy in which goods are produced mainly for export rather than for domestic use

Indian Migration

South Africa, U.K., U.S.A.; economic pull; 1980s-present

Contract Labor

working on a contractual basis rather than being employed by a specific company, giving tax and income responsibility to the worker

Penal Colony of Australia

a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison

Settler Colony

A form of colonization where foreign family move into a region and an imperial political power oversees the immigration of these settlers.

Limited Liability Company (LLC)

a form of business ownership that offers both limited liability to its owners and flexible tax treatment

White Australia Policy

A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Reasons for Imperialism

control, power, trade, money, cheap labor, help for other countries, access to natural resources, spread democracy, diversity, expansion

Maxim Machine Gun

the first automatic machine gun; invention that allowed conquest of the interior of Africa