AP Psychology | Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

motivation

the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.

extrinsic motivation

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.

intrinsic motivation

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.

instincts

the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.

instinct approach

approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by insticts similar to those of animals.

need

a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism

drive

a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension

drive-reduction theory

approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

primary drives

those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst

acquired (secondary) drives

those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval

homeostasis

the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

stimulus motive

a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity

optimal arousal theory

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

Yerkes-Dodson law

law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels or arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: Easy tasks require a high-moderate level whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level

incentives

things that attract or lure people into action

incentive approaches

theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties

self-actualization

according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential

weight set point

the particular level of weight the body tries to maintain

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

leptin

a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full

James-Lange theory of emotion

theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. I am afraid because I am shaking

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time. I am shaking and afraid at the same time

Schachter's cognitive arousal theory/Singer and Schachter's Two Factor Theory

theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced. That huge bear is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Humanist theory of motivation that says we must first fulfill lower level needs before achieving personal fulfillment and self actualization

\
Physiological-Safety-Belongingness and Love-Esteem-Cognitive-Self Actualization

ventromedial hypothalamus

stops the eating response; lets us know we are full

\
if damaged, we would continue to eat

lateral hypothamalus

initiates the eating response; lets us know we are hungry

\
if damaged, we would starve

Achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A model of the body's response to chronic stress; the three phases are alarm (fight-or-flight response), resistance, and exhaustion.

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

Polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

Sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Stress

A nonspecific, emotional response to real or imagined challenges or threats; a result of a cognitive appraisal by the individual

Type A

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B

easygoing, relaxed people

Physiological need

Essentials that people need for physical survival such as air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sleep, and health

Overjustification effect

**Describes extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation - if you reward someone with an extrinsic motivation when they already have an intrinsic motivation, that intrinsic motivation will fade**

Obesity

Condition of having excess body fat resulting in overweight

Asexual

Having no sexual attraction to others

Sexual

Having sexual attraction to others

Instinct Theory

Describes how humans are **evolutionary designed in such a way that helps the survive, behavior stems from inborn drive**

Ghrelin and Orexin

Hormone(s) that give hunger

Self-efficacy

**The belief that you are capable of carrying out a specific task or accomplishing a specific goal, how we feel we get things done**

Self-esteem

How you feel about yourself, the extent to which we approve of ourselves

Estrogen

Female sex hormone

Testosterone

Male sex hormone

Facial feedback effect

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

\
An example would be activating one of the smiling muscles by holding a pen in the teeth (rather than with the lips, which activates a frowning muscle) is enough to make cartoons seem more amusing

Tend-and-Befriend Response

A stress response (found especially among women) that describes how people under stress often provide support to others (tend) and both with and seek support from others (befriend)

Psycho-physiological illnesses

Literal “mind-body” illnesses; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. Some examples are hypertension and headaches

Psychoneuroimmunology

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Lymphocytes

Type of white blood cells

Macrophage (“big eater”)

Agent that identifies, pursues and ingests harmful invaders and worn-out cells

Natural Killer (NK) cells

Pursues diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer)

Coronary heart disease

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Lewin’s Motivational Conflicts Theory

When conflict occurs when someone is forced to choose between two or more opposing goals or desires

Approach-Approach Conflict

When you are forced to choose between two or more desirable alternatives that both lead to positive results

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

When you are forced to choose between two undesirable alternatives that will both lead to negative results

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

When you are forced to choose an alternative that will have both desirable and undesirable results

William James and Carl Lange

Came up with James-Lange Theory

Abraham Maslow

Came up with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Stanley Schachter

Came up with Schachter-Singer (two-factor) Theory

Hans Selye

Came up with GAS (General Adaptation System) by studying RATS

Alarm

Phase 1 of GAS that describes when the body mobilizing resources for fight-or-flight

Resistance

Phase 2 of GAS that describes your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remaining high and how you are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge

Exhaustion

Phase 3 of GAS that describes how you become more vulnerable to illness or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death because all your resources were used to engage with the stressor in phases 1 and 2

William Masters & Virgina Johnson

came up with sexual response cycle

Alfred Kinsey

came up with sexual motivation

sexual motivation

how the desires and pleasures of sex are our gene’s way of persevering and spreading themselves

Walter B. Cannon & Philip Bard

came up with Cannon-Bard Theory

Robert Zajonc & Joseph LeDoux

our emotional responses and cognitive responses do not always follow a specific pattern

Richard Lazarus

a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal

Paul Ekman

facial language for basic emotions is innate; 6 basic emotions

Friedman & Rosenman

type a and type b personalities

Kurt Lewin

came up with motivational conflicts theory

\
B lymphocytes

type of lymphocyte that forms in the bone marrow and releases antibodies that fight bacterial infections

T lymphocytes

type of lymphocyte that forms in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attacks cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances (even “good” ones like transplanted organs