Studied by 17 people
motivation
the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.
extrinsic motivation
type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.
intrinsic motivation
type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.
instincts
the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.
instinct approach
approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by insticts similar to those of animals.
need
a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism
drive
a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
drive-reduction theory
approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal
primary drives
those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
acquired (secondary) drives
those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval
homeostasis
the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
stimulus motive
a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity
optimal arousal theory
theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
Yerkes-Dodson law
law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels or arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: Easy tasks require a high-moderate level whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level
incentives
things that attract or lure people into action
incentive approaches
theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
self-actualization
according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential
weight set point
the particular level of weight the body tries to maintain
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting
leptin
a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full
James-Lange theory of emotion
theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. I am afraid because I am shaking
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time. I am shaking and afraid at the same time
Schachter's cognitive arousal theory/Singer and Schachter's Two Factor Theory
theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced. That huge bear is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Humanist theory of motivation that says we must first fulfill lower level needs before achieving personal fulfillment and self actualization
Physiological-Safety-Belongingness and Love-Esteem-Cognitive-Self Actualization
ventromedial hypothalamus
stops the eating response; lets us know we are full
if damaged, we would continue to eat
lateral hypothamalus
initiates the eating response; lets us know we are hungry
if damaged, we would starve
Achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
A model of the body's response to chronic stress; the three phases are alarm (fight-or-flight response), resistance, and exhaustion.
Glucose
A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.
Polygraph
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
Sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Stress
A nonspecific, emotional response to real or imagined challenges or threats; a result of a cognitive appraisal by the individual
Type A
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
easygoing, relaxed people
Physiological need
Essentials that people need for physical survival such as air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sleep, and health
Overjustification effect
Describes extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation - if you reward someone with an extrinsic motivation when they already have an intrinsic motivation, that intrinsic motivation will fade
Obesity
Condition of having excess body fat resulting in overweight
Asexual
Having no sexual attraction to others
Sexual
Having sexual attraction to others
Instinct Theory
Describes how humans are evolutionary designed in such a way that helps the survive, behavior stems from inborn drive
Ghrelin and Orexin
Hormone(s) that give hunger
Self-efficacy
The belief that you are capable of carrying out a specific task or accomplishing a specific goal, how we feel we get things done
Self-esteem
How you feel about yourself, the extent to which we approve of ourselves
Estrogen
Female sex hormone
Testosterone
Male sex hormone
Facial feedback effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
An example would be activating one of the smiling muscles by holding a pen in the teeth (rather than with the lips, which activates a frowning muscle) is enough to make cartoons seem more amusing
Tend-and-Befriend Response
A stress response (found especially among women) that describes how people under stress often provide support to others (tend) and both with and seek support from others (befriend)
Psycho-physiological illnesses
Literal “mind-body” illnesses; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. Some examples are hypertension and headaches
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
Lymphocytes
Type of white blood cells
Macrophage (“big eater”)
Agent that identifies, pursues and ingests harmful invaders and worn-out cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Pursues diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer)
Coronary heart disease
The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
Lewin’s Motivational Conflicts Theory
When conflict occurs when someone is forced to choose between two or more opposing goals or desires
Approach-Approach Conflict
When you are forced to choose between two or more desirable alternatives that both lead to positive results
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
When you are forced to choose between two undesirable alternatives that will both lead to negative results
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
When you are forced to choose an alternative that will have both desirable and undesirable results
William James and Carl Lange
Came up with James-Lange Theory
Abraham Maslow
Came up with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Stanley Schachter
Came up with Schachter-Singer (two-factor) Theory
Hans Selye
Came up with GAS (General Adaptation System) by studying RATS
Alarm
Phase 1 of GAS that describes when the body mobilizing resources for fight-or-flight
Resistance
Phase 2 of GAS that describes your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remaining high and how you are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge
Exhaustion
Phase 3 of GAS that describes how you become more vulnerable to illness or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death because all your resources were used to engage with the stressor in phases 1 and 2
William Masters & Virgina Johnson
came up with sexual response cycle
Alfred Kinsey
came up with sexual motivation
sexual motivation
how the desires and pleasures of sex are our gene’s way of persevering and spreading themselves
Walter B. Cannon & Philip Bard
came up with Cannon-Bard Theory
Robert Zajonc & Joseph LeDoux
our emotional responses and cognitive responses do not always follow a specific pattern
Richard Lazarus
a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal
Paul Ekman
facial language for basic emotions is innate; 6 basic emotions
Friedman & Rosenman
type a and type b personalities
Kurt Lewin
came up with motivational conflicts theory
B lymphocytes
type of lymphocyte that forms in the bone marrow and releases antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes
type of lymphocyte that forms in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attacks cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances (even “good” ones like transplanted organs
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Flashcard (41)