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Consciousness
Awareness and responsiveness to the environment and oneself
Arousal
The state of being awake and alert, regulated by the reticular activating system
Awareness
Understanding and perception of one's surroundings and situation
Reticular Activating System
Neural network in the brainstem that regulates wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions
Brain Death
Complete and irreversible cessation of brain function, including the brainstem
Persistent Vegetative State
Wakeful unconsciousness; wakefulness without awareness
Minimally Conscious State
Condition of severely altered consciousness with minimal awareness and inconsistent but reproducible behavioral evidence of consciousness
Locked-In Syndrome
State of preserved awareness and cognition with complete paralysis of voluntary muscles except for eye movements and blinking
Dollās Eye Response
Reflexive eye movement in response to head turning, indicating brainstem function
Seizure
Abnormal electrical activity in the brain resulting in sudden, involuntary changes in behavior, consciousness, movements, or sensations
Convulsion
Involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations (spasms), often associated with seizures
Agnosia
Inability to recognize or interpret sensory stimuli despite intact sensory pathways
Hemineglect
Inattention to or neglect of sensory input from one side of space, often due to brain injury
Dysphasia
Difficulty with language comprehension or expression
Aphasia
Loss of ability to understand or express speech due to brain damage
Wernickeās Aphasia
Fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension and meaningless speech
Brocaās Aphasia
Non-fluent aphasia with difficulty in speech production and intact comprehension
Muscle Tone
Resting tension in muscles for posture and movement readiness
Hypotonia
Decreased muscle tone leading to floppy or limp muscles
Hypertonia
Increased muscle tone causing stiffness and resistance to stretching
Paresis
Weakness or partial paralysis of voluntary muscles
Paralysis
Complete loss of voluntary muscle function due to nerve damage
Hyperkinesia
Abnormally increased muscle movement causing involuntary movements
Hemi-
Refers to one side of the body
Para-
Refers to both lower limbs
Quadri-
Refers to all four limbs
Hypermimesis
Involuntary imitation of movements or gestures
Dyspraxia
Difficulty in planning and executing coordinated movements
Apraxia
Inability to perform purposeful movements despite intact motor function
Dysarthria
Difficulty in articulating speech due to muscle weakness or poor coordination
Agraphia
Loss of ability to write coherently due to brain injury
Primary Brain Trauma
Direct injury to the brain from a blow or impact
Secondary Brain Trauma
Indirect injury from processes initiated by primary trauma like swelling or bleeding
Focal Brain Injury
Damage to a specific area of brain due to trauma or disease.
Contusion
Bruising of brain tissue, often associated with focal brain injury.
Diffuse Brain Injury
Damage occurring over a more widespread area of the brain, often due to acceleration-deceleration forces.
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Widespread injury to axons in the brain, typically resulting from rotational forces.
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Elevated pressure within the skull, often due to swelling or bleeding.
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
Pressure gradient that drives blood flow to the brain, calculated as the difference between mean arterial pressure and intracranial pressure.
Cerebral Edema
Swelling of brain tissue due to fluid accumulation.
Hydrocephalus
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain's ventricles.
Cerebrovascular Disease
Conditions affecting blood vessels supplying the brain, leading to strokes or other vascular issues.
Ischemic Penumbra
Region of compromised but potentially salvageable brain tissue surrounding an ischemic core.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Sudden onset of neurological deficits due to interruption of blood flow to the brain, either ischemic or hemorrhagic.
Stroke
Acute neurological deficit resulting from vascular injury to the brain, categorized as ischemic or hemorrhagic.
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke caused by occlusion of a blood vessel, leading to insufficient blood flow to brain tissue.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Stroke caused by bleeding into brain tissue or surrounding spaces.
Thrombotic Stroke
Ischemic stroke caused by a blood clot in a cerebral artery.
Lacunar Stroke
Small, deep ischemic stroke affecting small penetrating arteries in the brain.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by temporary focal ischemia without infarction.
Embolic Stroke
Ischemic stroke caused by a clot or debris from elsewhere in the body blocking a cerebral artery.
Contralateral Weakness
Weakness affecting the side of the body opposite to the brain lesion.
Flaccidity
Absence of muscle tone, leading to limp or floppy muscles.
Spasticity
Increased muscle tone causing stiffness, spasms, and difficulty with voluntary movement.
Monocular Blindness
Loss of vision in one eye due to damage to the optic nerve or retina.
Hemianopia
Visual loss affecting half of the visual field in both eyes.
Ataxia
Lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements, affecting gait, balance, and speech.