Bonds and polarity

Ionic bonds

metal gives e- to nonmetal

(ex:Ionic Bonds are the drama queens of the chemistry world. Picture this: a metal (let’s say sodium) is just dying to get rid of its extra electron — too clingy, not the vibe. Then comes chlorine, a non-metal, totally desperate to snatch that electron. So sodium just gives it up, no questions asked. Boom — they’re stuck together, purely because opposites attract. Classic love-hate relationship.)

Covalent Bonds

Two non metals sharing electrons

ex:Two non-metals, like hydrogen and oxygen, come together and are like, “Let’s share electrons equally and be besties.”

Polar covalent bond

One of the nonmetal atoms in the bond is hogging the e-

This is bc the atom is more electronegative This creates a tiny partial charge on both atoms:

• One side becomes slightly negative (δ⁻)

• The other side becomes slightly positive (δ⁺)

Nonpolar covalent bond

both non metals share the e- equally

ex:If they share equally? That’s nonpolar — actual soulmates.

Metallic bonds

metal atoms allowed to roam freely

Metallic Bonds? Oh honey, that’s an open relationship. All the metal atoms just toss their electrons into a communal pool — a “sea of electrons” — and let them roam free. No jealousy, just pure freedom and electrical conductivity. Shiny, solid, and vibing with everyone.

Hydrogen bonds

homie hopper, H goes to whatever is the most electronegative

Now, Hydrogen Bonds — these are the flirty ones. They’re not real, deep relationships, but they cause so much tension. Hydrogen is always clinging to someone electronegative like oxygen or nitrogen and then flirts with another electronegative atom nearby. Think of water molecules holding hands in a hot tub — lots of chemistry, no real commitment.

What’s one way of using the periodic table to identify if something is metal /non metal

Use the Periodic Table as Your Wingman

• Elements on the left side (Groups 1–2) = metals

• Elements on the right side (Groups 14–17, especially upper right) = non-metals

• Noble gases (Group 18) = too cool to bond, usually unreactive

elements on the left side (groups 1-2) are..

metals

Elements on the right side (Groups 14–17, especially upper right) are…

nonmetals

what and where are noble gases?

group 18, they aren’t reactive and don’t form bonds bc they have full outer electron shells

What’s a dipole moment

dipole moment is a measure of how uneven the charge is across a molecule:

• It depends on both the polarity of the bonds and the shape of the molecule.

• If the polar bonds are arranged asymmetrically, the molecule has a net dipole moment — meaning it’s a polar molecule