Period 2 APUSH Vocab

Cecil Calvert

(aka Lord Baltimore) Proprietor of Maryland (founded 1632), son of George Calvert; aimed to create a haven for English Catholics and profit from tobacco.

• Religious exclusion in England, including Anti-Catholic laws, caused rise of Maryland

• Governance of Catholic proprietors over Protestant settlers sparked tensions

Maryland Act of Toleration

(1649) Colonial law in Maryland granting freedom of worship to all Christians, especially protecting Catholics; penalized anti-Trinitarian speech

Causes-

• Protestant majority vs. Catholic proprietorship, as well as the need for social peace

Effects-

• Did not protect non-Christians

• Model for later American religious freedom

Roger Williams

Puritan dissenter who founded Rhode Island; created the principle of antidisestablishmentarianism, which stated that the church and state should handle separate affairs (in other words, separate)

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan spiritual advisor who held meetings criticizing clergy and promoting “antinomianism”; banished to Rhode Island and later moved to New York, where she was killed by Native Americans.

Halfway Covenant

Policy in New England allowing partial church membership for children of visible saints without full conversion testimony. Led to declining conversions, and while it did stabilize congregations, it diluted strictness.

Quakers

Religious Society of Friends emphasizing inner light, pacifism, equality, etc.; prominent in Pennsylvania under William Penn.

Causes-

• English Persecution and Atlantic Migration

Effects-

• Religious tolerance

• Critiques against slavery and unfair Native relations through reformist policies

Jamestown

(1607) First permanent English settlement in North America; founded by the Virginia Company. Captain John Smith led the establishment of Jamestown, while John Rolfe introduces tobacco to the Colony and saves them from starvation by allying with Native Americans.

Timeline-

• Example of martial law being placed

• 1609-1610; starving time of Jamestown

• Powhatans aid Jamestown due to John Rolfe; Chesapeake becomes name of surrounding area

• 1618; headright system was created, with approx. 50 acres of land being given to plantation landowners for sponsoring people to America

• 1619; House of Burgesses established in Jamestown, and only white property-owning males could vote

Virginia House of Burgesses

(1619) First representative legislative assembly in English North America.

Causes-

• Encourage migration and local governance

• settlement expansion: need for decision making

Effects-

• Self-governance; Planter class consolidates power

Mayflower Compact

(1620) Agreement among Plymouth settlers to form a civil body politic and enact laws by majority rule

Causes-

• Landed outside chartered bounds, and needed legit authority

Effect-

• Precedent for future

John Winthrop

Governor of Massachusetts Bay; delivered the “City Upon a Hill” sermon, emphasizing the communal responsibility of colonists to make Massachusetts shine like a ”beacon of hope” to the world.

• Intolerant to dissent (e.g., Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson)

Restoration colonies

Colonies granted by Charles II

• Includes Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania

English Civil War

(1642-1651) Conflict between Parliamentarians and Royalists over governance, religion, and royal prerogative.

Causes-

• Religious Tension: Puritans vs. Anglicans=

• Political power struggles

Effects-

• Temporary republic: commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell

• Colonial autonomy

Metacom’s War

(aka King Philip’s War, 1675-1676) Brutal conflict between New England colonists in the New Hampshire area and Native alliances (Wampanoags) led by King Philip.

Causes-

• Land encroachment and jurisdiction: colonial expansion and legal pressures on Natives

• Resource and cultural tensions

Effects-

• Massive casualties on both sides

• Debt; attitudes against Natives by English colonist get more cruel

Linked to the New England Confederation and Puritan Society.

Bacon’s Rebellio

New England Confederation

(1643) Military alliance of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven for

Navigation Acts

(1651, 1660, 1663) Laws regulating colonial trade to favor England goods shipped on English vessels; certain “enumerated” goods exported only to England

Linked to the Dominion of New England, Glorious Revolution, and Salutary Neglect

Dominion of New England

(1686-1689) Consolidation of northern colonies under a single royal governor to enforce Navigation Acts and centralize control. Led by Sir Edmund Andros.

Sir Edmund Andros

Royal governor of Dominion of New England; unpopular for autocratic rule. Colonists arrest him after news of King James II’s removal from the throne.

Glorious Revolution

(1688-1689) Bloodless overthrow of King James II; William and Mary ascended the English throne, affirming Parliamentary supremacy

Causes-

• Fears of absolutism

• Elite coalition

Effects-

• English Bill of Rights: limits royal power; strengthens Parliament

• Colonial revolts: toppled Dominion of New England

Headright System

Land grant policy (50 acres/head) to encourage migration and labor supply to the Chesapeake

Causes-

• Need for settlers and labor

• Company and proprietary incentives (in other words, attracting capital and people)

Effects-

• Large estates and accelerated encroachment/Native dispossession

Phillis Wheatley

Enslaved African American poet in Boston whose work engaged Enlightenment and Christian themes. Widely known as an avid abolitionist.

Great Awakening

(c. 1730s-1740s) Series of religious revivals emphasizing personal conversion, emotion, and egalitarian spiritual access.

Causes-

• Religious stagnation; response to Halfway Covenant effects

• Itinerant preaching

Effects-

• Division of Churches: New Lights vs. Old Lights (e.g., George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards)

• Predestination is practiced (produced by Calvinism, which is centered on God’s sovereignty, meaning he is able to do as he pleases)

Jonathan Edwards

New England Theologian; “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”, fused Calvinism with revivalism. Shaped evangelical tradition and helped bring people back to Christ.

George Whitefield

English itinerant preacher whose open-air sermons electrified colonial audiences

John Peter Zenger Trial

(1735) New York printer tried for seditious libel; acquitted; truth can be used as defense against libel charges