03.10 BIO Cells, Bacteria, & Viruses (ALL)

Cells

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Robert Hooke

The Cell Theory is . . .

Part I of the cell theory states that . . .

Part II of the cell theory states that . . .

Part III of the cell theory states that . . .

Prokaryote

Cells that have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryote

Cells that contain an nucleus and membrane-bound organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus

Kingdoms that include prokaryotic cells

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Kingdoms that include eukaryotic cells

Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

DNA

Genetic material found in all cells that carries the instructions for life

Nucleus

is a large membrane-enclosed structure found in eukaryotic cells that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA

Cell membrane

Structure that surrounds both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and helps to control what enters and leaves the cell

Ribosomes

Structures found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that is the site of protein synthesis

Cytoplasm

Gel-like substance in which cell structures are found

Flagella

Structure found in some prokaryotic and some eukaryotic cells that aids in movement

Cell Wall

Structure found in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic plant cells that provides support and protection for the cell

Scientific Theory

Explains how or why something happens in the natural world; relies on inferences; widely accepted as true but can be disproven or change over time.

Scientific Law

Explains what happens in the natural world; based on observations and facts; that holds true every time it is tested.

Fact

Something known as true

Hypothesis

A prediction or educated guess that can be tested by a scientific investigation; Follows the If...then...because format.

Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

Two kingdoms that are made up solely of prokaryotes

Eubacteria

This kingdom consists of bacteria that live everywhere on Earth and have peptidoglycan in cell walls

Archaebacteria

This kingdom consists of bacteria that typically live in extreme environments, do NOT have peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Peptidoglycan

A protein carbohydrate compound found in the cell walls of eubacteria

Bacterial Cell Wall

A structure that protects and gives shape to the bacterial cell that may or may not include peptidoglycan

Bacterial Cell Membrane

A structure that controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell; also contains enzymes important to cellular respiration

Cytoplasm

Gel-like substance that contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds

Bacterial Chromosome

circular thread of DNA that contains the cell's genetic information

Pilus

A short. thick hair-like protein structure that allows a bacterium to attach to other bacteria and surfaces.

Flagellum

Long whip-like structure that allows the cell to move

Bacilli (rod-shaped)

Bacteria that are rod-shaped; example includes Bacillus anthracis that causes anthrax

Cocci

Bacteria that are round; examples include staph infections and Gonherrea

Spirillum

Bacteria that have one or more twists; examples include

Syphillis and Lyme Disease

Bacterial modes of nutrition

Phototrophs, chemotrophs and heterotrophs

Bacterial Photoautotrophs

Bacteria that use light to make their own food; example includes cyanobacteria

Bacterial Chemoautotrophs

Bacteria that use high energy molecules to make their own food; example include some archaebacteria that live in ocean vents

Bacterial Heterotrophs

Bacteria that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply; examples include decomposers

Binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size; most common form of reproduction

Conjugation

In bacteria, a type of sexual reproduction in which two bacteria exchange pieces of DNA through the pili.

Bacerial endopore

A structure that can be formed by many species of bacteria that allow them to survive harsh conditions

Ideal conditions for bacterial growth

Temperature between 80˚F to 100˚F

Moist

Dark

lenty of food

Role of Bacteria in the Environment

Producers in many ecosystems that capture energy by photosynthesis.

Decomposers in many ecosystems that break down the nutrients in dead matter.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria help to convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form that plants can use.

Bacteria as Decomposers

Bacteria help recycle nutrients and remove wastes from water

Nitrogen Fixers

Some bacteria help to convert nitrogen in the atmosphere (N2) into a form that can be used by plants

Human uses of bacteria

- Make foods and beverages such as butter, cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, and vinegar

- Tan leather, make linen, cure tobacco

- Remove wastes and poisons from water

- Mine minerals from the ground

- Synthesize drugs and chemicals via genetic engineering

- Produce vitamins in human intestines

Bacterial Infections (Examples)

Lyme Disease

Tetanus

Tuberculosis

Bacterial meningitis

Staphylococcus infection

Strep throat

Bacterial Infections (Treatment)

Antibiotics

Antibiotics

Drugs used to treat bacterial infections; examples include penicillin, ampicillin, sulfa drugs, etc.

Antibiotic resistance

Bacteria either evolve by mutation or acquire from another bacterium the ability to survive and not respond to treatment by antibiotics

Two ways bacteria cause disease

Damage the cells and tissues of the infected organism by breaking down the cells for food.

Release toxins (poisons) that travel throughout the body interfering with the normal activity of the host.

Methods used to control bacterial growth

Sterilization, disinfectants, food processing, pasteurization

Pasteurization

A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food.

Sterilization

The process of destroying all microbes

Disinfectants

Chemical products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces.

Food processing

Bacteria can cause food to spoil.

Refrigerated food stays fresh longer because the bacteria will take longer to multiply.

Boiling, frying, or steaming can sterilize certain foods.

Virus

A nonliving particle composed of a protein coat and a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA), which is dependent on a host organism for replication

Capsid

The outer protein coat of a virus

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria

Viral shapes

Icosahedron

Helical

Spherical

Round

Icosahedron

A virus that consists of 20 trianguar faces

Examples: chicken pox, polio

Helical

A virus that looks like a coiled spring

Examples: rabies, measles, tobacco mosaic

Spherical

A virus that is round

Example: Influenza

Retrovirus

Viruses that contain RNA as their genetic material

Viral infection (Description)

Caused when a virus invades a host cell and takes over the cell to make copies of itself.

Viral Infections (Examples)

AIDS

Chicken Pox

Common Cold

Influenza (the flu)

Measles

Polio

Rabies

AIDS

A retrovirus which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions such as cancer or pneumonia and may result in death

Chicken pox

An airborne viral infection that that grows in the respiratory tract results in a skin condition characterized by a rash that develops in pushils & vesicles lasting 5-7 days

Influenza (Flu)

A highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever, severe aching, and catarrh, and often occurring in epidemics

Measles

An acute, highly contagious infection caused by the rubeola virus and transmitted by respiratory droplets

Polio

A highly infectious viral disease that causes inflammation of the nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord, leading to paralysis

Rabies

A viral infection of the brain and spinal cord that is transmitted by the saliva, urine, or feces of an infected animal

Viral reproduction

The viral DNA or RNA takes over the host cell's machinery and forces it to create new viruses

Two ways viruses cause disease

Invade and destroy certain cells in the body.

Change patterns of growth and development of infected cells.

Human uses of viruses

Gene therapy

Production of drugs

Pathogens

A bacterium, virus, or other organism that can cause disease

Two ways that bacteria cause disease

Damage the cells and tissues of the infected organism by breaking down the cells for food.

Release toxins (poisons) that travel throughout the body interfering with the normal activity of the host.

Diseases Caused By Bacteria

Lyme Disease

Tetanus

Tuberculosis

Bacterial meningitis

Staphylococcus infection

Strep throat

Vaccine

A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in preventing an infection.

Antibiotics

Drugs used to treat bacterial infections; examples include penicillin, ampicillin, sulfa drugs, etc.

Penicillin

An antibiotic produced by a fungus that kills bacteria by interfering with cell wall production

Two ways viruses cause disease

Invade and destroy certain cells in the body.

Change patterns of growth and development of infected cells.

Diseases Caused By Viruses (Examples)

Common cold

Influenza (flu)

AIDS

Chicken pox

Hepatitis B

West Nile

Ebola

Zika

Retrovirus

A virus that contains RNA as its genetic material

Common Cold

A retrovirus usually associated with swollen nasal mucous membranes and the production of fluid from the sinuses and nose.

Chicken pox

An airborne viral infection that that grows in the respiratory tract results in a skin condition characterized by a rash

Measles

An acute, highly contagious infection caused by the rubella virus and transmitted by respiratory droplets

Rabies

A viral infection of the brain and spinal cord that is transmitted by the saliva, urine, or feces of an infected animal

Polio

A highly infectious viral disease that causes inflammation of the nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord, leading to paralysis

HIV

A retrovirus which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions such as cancer or pneumonia and may result in death

Influenza (Flu)

A highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever, severe aching, and often occurring in epidemics

Ebola

A contagious viral disease originating in Africa. It is transmitted by blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually resulting in death

Zika

A viral infection transmitted primarily by mosquitoes. An infection during pregnancy can cause the brain to not fully develop.

Oncogenic Viruses

Viruses capable of causing cancer; examples include Epstein-Barr, human pappiloma virus (HPV), hepatitis B, and herpes

Diseases Caused By Bacteria (Examples)

Cholera

Lyme Disease

Tetanus

Tuberculosis (TB)

Bacterial Meningitis

Strep Throat

Cholera

A bacterial infection caused from drinking contaminated water that causes extreme dehydration and diarrhea. Can cause death very fast if left untreated

Lyme Disease

A tick-borne bacterial infection that causes a rash, often in a bull's-eye pattern, and flu-like symptoms. Joint pain and weakness in the limbs also can occur

Tetanus

A bacterial infection spread through contact that causes painful muscle spasms, particularly in the jaw and neck; can lead to death but can be prevented with a vaccine

Tuberculosis (TB)

A bacterial infection that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs