APUSH Unit 4-5 Vocab Quiz 2: Lessons 15-17

Dred Scott

* A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory
* Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil
* Sued for his freedom

Dred Scott Case (1857)

- 1857 during presidency of 15th president James Buchanan
- Scott suing for his freedom in Missouri against his owner Sandford
- Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress
- Stated the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional because it excluded slavery from Wisconsin and other Northern territories
- slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

Roger Taney

* Chief Justice for the Dred Scott case
* Southern democrat
* A decision was made on March 6, 1857. ___ ruled against Dred Scott. Scott was suing for freedom because of his long residence in free territory
* He was denied freedom because he was property and his owner could take him into any territory and legally hold him as a slave
* This court ruling was a major cause in starting the Civil War

House Divided Speech (1858)

* Speech made by Abraham Lincoln before he was elected that had gained him frame and support
* ==Stating that the United States will either be all slave or all free== because it can't be half and half and still succeed

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

* ==Senator debate== between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas
* During the race Lincoln asked to have multiple debates with Douglas certain topics of these debates were slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed
* Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he was known throughout the country because of the debates
* Due to how Douglas said people could exclude slavery by not enforcing & protecting slave-owner property--> ppl would not support Douglas for president

Freeport Doctrine

* Due to a debate in ___, Illinois in which Lincoln challenged Douglas to reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision
* Developed by Stephen Douglas that said ==the exclusion of slavery in a territory are determined by the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property==
* It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election

John Brown - Harpers Ferry

* ___, ==a radical abolitionist,== desiring to start a slave rebellion that swept through the South
* ___ was ==a federal arsenal in Virginia== seized by Brown
* In 1859 Brown, 13 whites and 5 blacks took over Harper's Ferry
* Brown later was caught and hanged. The North thought of him ad Jesus-like. The South thought of him as the devil. This further separated the North and the South.

Crittenden Compromise (1860)

* A constitutional amendment proposed by Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky on December 18, 1860.
* Guarantee the ==right to hold slaves in all territories south of the old Missouri Compromise line 36 30==
* Rejected by Lincoln due to how it had violated the Republican position against extension of slavery into the territories

Fort Sumter (1861)

- Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina
- Marked the start of the Civil War
- Lincoln had given South Carolina the choice of starting the war or not
- The Confederates had then started the war in 1861

Anaconda Plan (1861)

* Union war plan by Winfield Scott
* Called for blockade of southern coast, cutting off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy
* ^^Conquer of Richmond, taking over Mississippi River, and to take an army through the heart of south^^

War of Attrition

military strategy (wearing down) in which a aggressive side attempts to win a war by wearing down its enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and materiel

Monitor vs. Merrimack (1862)

* Monitor, the Union's own ironclad
* Merrimac, unusual Confederate ship covered in metal plates, that attacked and sank several Union ships near Hampton Roads, Virgina
* ^^First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels.^^ On March 9, 1862, the two ships battled for five hours, ending in a draw
* Marked a turning point in naval warfare, wooden ships would be replaced by ironclad ones

Trent Affair (1861)

- In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition on a British steamer, the Trent
- A Union warship captured both diplomats and took them to Boston as prisoners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release
- But caused the two diplomats failed to obtain full recognition of the Confederacy from either Britain or France

Suspension of Habeas Corpus (1861)

- Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus, a writ which is a right in the constitution that protects against unlawful imprisonment
- Throughout the war, it caused thousands of people to be arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually held the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over

Martial law

- The imposition of military rule above or in place of civil authority during times of war and emergencies
- the military is in charge and citizens' rights are suspended

Ex parte Milligan (1866)

* Lambden P. Milligan was sentenced to death by a military commission in Indiana during the Civil War for engaging in “acts of disloyalty”
* Landmark decision stating that the gov had improperly subjected civilians to military trials
* Supreme court then ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available

Copperheads

A group of northern/peace Democrats who opposed abolition, sympathized with the South during the Civil War and desired peace

Confiscation Acts (1861 & 1862)

* August 1861, Series of laws passed by federal government designed to ^^freed slaves in seceded states^^
* Authorized ^^Union seizure of enemy property,^^ including enslaved people and freed persons enslaved by any individual in rebellion against the United States
* Virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy

Antietam (1862)

* The ^^bloodiest single-day battle in American history^^, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation
* September 1862, Union army intercepting the Confederates at ___ Creek in the Maryland town of Sharpsburg
* The first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

- Issued by Lincoln on September 22, 1862
- Declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

54th Massachusetts

* First African American unit to fight a battle
* 200,000 African American Regiment serving in the Union army and navy

Gettysburg (1863)

* The ^^bloodiest battle of American Civil War^^, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863
* Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000
* ___is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

Vicksburg (1863)

* Located in the west of ___ Mississippi with Confederates defeat
* Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, a total of seven weeks, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union

Gettysburg Address (1863)

- (1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg
- In which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War
- Supported the ideals of self-government, human rights and stated that all men are created equal leading to the Lincoln's decision of abolition of slavery

Pacific Railway Act (1862)

* A series of laws that promoted the construction of the ^^*Transcontinental Railroad*^^
* Authorizing the issuance of government bonds of California and the western territories with the eastern states

Homestead Act (1862)

* Promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of ==160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least five years==
* Helped many White settlers, but very few African Americans

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

* First proposed by Justin Morrill when he was serving in the House of Representatives
* Encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants, in which ==federal gov provide loans and land grants to western railroad buildings==, to maintain ==agricultural and technical colleges==
* These schools had also became centers of research and innovation

Morrill Tariff (1861)

* Sponsored by Vermont Congressman Justin Morrill
* This was an act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It ==raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent== however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war.
* Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 2, 1862.

National Banking System (1863)

* Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds
* Created during the Civil War to ==establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds.==
* help finance the war effort by increasing the demand for federal government debt

Sherman's March

- Veteran general William Tecumseh Sherman was Grant's aggressive tactics' chief instrument for subduing the South
- A 60 mile wide swath of destruction from Tennessee across Georgia and then swept north into South Carolina
- Deprive the Confederate army of war materials and railroad communications and break the will of the Southern people by burning towns and plantations. Led to the surrender of Savannah

Appomattox

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant