Nares
Nostrils, the external openings of the nose.
Pharynx
The throat; passageway for air and food.
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Nares
Nostrils, the external openings of the nose.
Pharynx
The throat; passageway for air and food.
Respiratory Mucosa
Mucus-covered membrane lining the respiratory tract.
Conchae
Shell-shaped structures in the nasal cavity that increase surface area.
Esophagus
The food pipe connecting the pharynx to the stomach.
Larynx
The voice box; contains the vocal cords.
Thyroid Cartilage
The largest cartilage in the larynx, also known as the Adam's apple.
Epiglottis
A flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing.
Vocal Folds
Folds of tissue within the larynx that vibrate to produce sound.
Glottis
The opening between the vocal folds.
Trachea
The windpipe; connects the larynx to the bronchi.
Ciliated Mucosa
Mucus-secreting membrane with cilia that trap and remove particles.
Main Bronchi
The two primary branches of the trachea that lead to the lungs.
Pulmonary Pleura
The membrane covering the outer surface of the lungs.
Parietal Pleura
The membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity.
Pleural Space
The space between the pulmonary and parietal pleurae.
Bronchioles
Small air passageways in the lungs that branch from the bronchi.
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Respiratory Membrane
The barrier between the alveolar air and blood.
Alveolar Macrophages
Immune cells in the alveoli that remove debris and pathogens.
External Intercostals
Muscles between the ribs that help with inhalation.
Internal Intercostals
Muscles between the ribs that help with exhalation.
Intrapleural Pressure
The pressure within the pleural space.
Tidal Volume
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal breath.
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal breath.
Residual Volume
The air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.
Vital Capacity
The total amount of exchangeable air (TV + IRV + ERV).
Functional Volume
The air that actually reaches the respiratory zone.
Dead Space Volume
The air that remains in the respiratory tract and doesn't participate in gas exchange.
Bronchial Sounds
Sounds produced by air rushing through the large airways.
Vesicular Breathing Sounds
Soft, breezy sounds heard over the lung tissue.
Hypoxia
A deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues.
Cyanotic
Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen.
Eupnea
Normal, easy breathing.
Hyperpnea
Increased depth and rate of breathing.