ch. 13 vocab

-  Nares: Nostrils, the external openings of the nose.

- Pharynx: The throat; passageway for air and food.

- Respiratory Mucosa: Mucus-covered membrane lining the respiratory tract.

- Conchae: Shell-shaped structures in the nasal cavity that increase surface area.

- Esophagus: The food pipe connecting the pharynx to the stomach.

- Larynx: The voice box; contains the vocal cords.

- Thyroid Cartilage: The largest cartilage in the larynx, also known as the Adam's apple.

- Epiglottis: A flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing.

- Vocal Folds: Folds of tissue within the larynx that vibrate to produce sound.

- Glottis: The opening between the vocal folds.

- Trachea: The windpipe; connects the larynx to the bronchi.

- Ciliated Mucosa: Mucus-secreting membrane with cilia that trap and remove particles.

- Main Bronchi: The two primary branches of the trachea that lead to the lungs.

- Pulmonary Pleura: The membrane covering the outer surface of the lungs.

- Parietal Pleura: The membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity.

- Pleural Space: The space between the pulmonary and parietal pleurae.

- Bronchioles: Small air passageways in the lungs that branch from the bronchi.

- Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

- Respiratory Membrane: The barrier between the alveolar air and blood.

- Alveolar Macrophages: Immune cells in the alveoli that remove debris and pathogens.

- External Intercostals: Muscles between the ribs that help with inhalation.

- Internal Intercostals: Muscles between the ribs that help with exhalation.

- Intrapleural Pressure: The pressure within the pleural space.

- Tidal Volume: The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath.

- Inspiratory Reserve Volume: The additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal breath.

- Expiratory Reserve Volume: The additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal breath.

- Residual Volume: The air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.

- Vital Capacity: The total amount of exchangeable air (TV + IRV + ERV).

- Functional Volume: The air that actually reaches the respiratory zone.

- Dead Space Volume: The air that remains in the respiratory tract and doesn't participate in gas exchange.

- Bronchial Sounds: Sounds produced by air rushing through the large airways.

- Vesicular Breathing Sounds: Soft, breezy sounds heard over the lung tissue.

- Hypoxia: A deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues.

- Cyanotic: Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen.

- Eupnea: Normal, easy breathing.

- Hyperpnea: Increased depth and rate of breathing.