Biological Classification and Cell Types

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to biological classification, cell types, and major characteristics of various organisms.

Order of taxonomic classification

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

Prokaryotic cells

Cells without a nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells

Cells that contain a nucleus and organelles.

Autotrophic

Organisms that obtain nutrients through photosynthesis.

Heterotrophic

Organisms that consume other organisms for nutrients.

Absorptive heterotrophic

Organisms that secrete enzymes and absorb nutrients.

Bacterial shapes

Cocci (spherical), Bacilli (rod-shaped), Spirilla (spiral-shaped).

Zone of inhibition

Indicates antibiotic effectiveness; larger zone means more effective.

Total magnification formula

10× eyepiece × objective lens.

Coarse focus use

Only used on 4× objective in microscopy.

Microscope storage procedures

4× lens; stage down; remove slide; power off.

Amoeba feeding method

Phagocytosis using pseudopodia.

Paramecium key structure

Contractile vacuole used to expel excess water.

Euglena nutritional strategy

Mixotrophic; combines photosynthesis and ingestion.

Diatom trait

Contains a silica shell.

Dinoflagellate trait

Has two flagella and can cause red tides.

Sporophyte role in plants

Produces spores through meiosis.

Gametophyte role in plants

Produces gametes through mitosis.

Dominant generation in mosses

Gametophyte.

Dominant generation in ferns

Sporophyte.

Fern spore location

Sporangia located inside sori.

Liverwort asexual structure

Gemmae cups.

Fern gametophyte structure

Prothallus.

Advantage of pollen

Enables sperm transfer without water.

Fruit development origin

Develops from the ovary.

Double fertilization in plants

Occurs with zygote and endosperm formation.

Monocot traits

Parallel veins; scattered vascular bundles; flower parts in 3's.

Dicot traits

Net-like veins; ring vascular bundles; flower parts in 4's or 5's.

Fungal body structure

Mycelium composed of hyphae.

Fungal feeding method

Absorptive heterotrophy.

Lichen components

Fungus (structure), algae (sugars), yeast (protection).

Mycorrhizae

Mutualistic relationship between fungus and plant roots.

Diploblastic vs triploblastic

Organisms with 2 tissue layers (diploblastic) vs 3 tissue layers (triploblastic).

Body cavity types

Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate.

Protostome vs deuterostome

Protostomes have mouth first; deuterostomes have anus first.

Sponge symmetry

Typically asymmetrical.

Sponge feeding cells

Choanocytes.

Cnidocyte function

Stinging cells that contain nematocysts.

Flatworm body cavity type

Acoelomate.

Tapeworm attachment organ

Scolex.

Nematode movement method

Thrashing using longitudinal muscles.

Annelid segmentation

True segmentation.

Earthworm digestion path

Crop → gizzard → intestine.

Mollusk key parts

Mantle, foot, visceral mass.

Radula function

Used for scraping food.

Cephalopod traits

Possess advanced brain, tentacles, and jet propulsion.

Arthropod skeleton type

Chitin exoskeleton.

Arthropod circulation system

Open circulatory system.

Chelicerate traits

Chelicerae and no antennae present.

Insect tagmata

Head, thorax, abdomen.

Insect respiration method

Spiracles and tracheae.

Coleoptera trait

Elytra are hardened forewings.

Lepidoptera trait

Scaled wings.

Diptera trait

One pair of wings and halteres.

Hymenoptera trait

Narrow waist.

Hemiptera trait

Has piercing-sucking mouthparts.

Odonata trait

Large compound eyes and elongated abdomen.

Orthoptera trait

Hind legs adapted for jumping.

Echinoderm symmetry

Adult = radial, larva = bilateral.

Water vascular system order

Madreporite → stone canal → ring canal → radial canal → tube feet.

Chordate synapomorphies

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, endostyle.

Urochordate adult traits

Only pharyngeal slits remain.

Cephalochordata trait

Retains all chordate traits through life.

Agnatha trait

Jawless fish.

Chondrichthyes trait

Skeleton made of cartilage.

Actinopterygii trait

Ray-finned fish.

Sarcopterygii trait

Lobe-finned fish.

Amphibia trait

Must reproduce in water.

Reptilia trait

Possess amniotic eggs and keratin scales.

Aves traits

Feathers, hollow bones, and endothermic nature.

Mammalia traits

Has hair and mammary glands.

Earthworm internal key feature

Typhlosole increases nutrient absorption.

Clam key structures

Foot, gills, visceral mass, adductor muscles.

Crayfish key structure

Gastric mill for grinding food.

Sea star key feature

Tube feet and water vascular system.

Frog dissection focus

Key organ functions such as heart, liver, lungs, stomach, and kidneys.