Honors Biology -Biochemistry Test Vocabulary & Terms
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Last updated 12:37 PM on 11/15/22
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54 Terms
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Condensation
The opposite of Hydrolysis, forms a new chemical bond rather than Hydrolysis breaking it down. Utilizes water!
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Enzyme
Speed up reactions that would take very long on its own. Are proteins that occur in ONLY LIVING ORGANISMS.
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Functional group(s)
Any types of molecules made up of carbon and another element other than Hydrogen that give out properties to organic molecules.
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Hydrocarbon
Molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon.
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Hydrolysis
Chemical breakdown of a polymer due to reaction with water, forms monomers.
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Metabolism
A living organism that utilizes reactions to make energy.
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Monomer
Molecule that can be bonded with other molecules to form a polymer. This is the base.
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Organic
Anything containing living matter.
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Polymer
Molecules composed of two or more monomers.
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Reaction
Any sort of molecular change that occurs in living organisms.
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Carbohydrate
Sugar polymers mainly consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. They contain short-term fuel for energy.
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Cellulose
A polysaccharide (polymer) of carbohydrates.
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Chitin
A polysaccharide with nitrogen found in fungal walls and bugs.
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Disaccharide
Two or more monosaccharides bonded together.
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Glycogen
The stored form of glucose/sugars.
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Monosaccharide
A single sugar such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.
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Polysaccharide
A complex sugar made up of many chains of monosaccharides.
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Starch
A type of carbohydrate found in only plants.
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Fat
A lipid where energy is stored for long-term in the body.
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Fatty Acid
The building blocks of lipids, are monomers.
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Lipid
Fatty, waxy, or oily organic substances that store energy for long periods of time.
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Lipid Bilayer
A phospholipid that creates good cell membranes.
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Phospholipid
A lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule.
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Saturated fatty acid
Lipids that have a carboxyl head and a hydrocarbon chain.
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Steroid
An example of a molecule that is made from cholesterol.
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Triglyceride
A fat with three fatty acid chains and consists of a glycerol backbone. (Might need to work on this, don't rely on this definition)
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Unsaturated fat acid
This is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain.
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Denaturization
Process of modifying the structure of a protein. (Primary, secondary, etc)
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
A nucleotide made up of an adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Molecule that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique.
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Nucleic acid
A polymer of nucleotides
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RNA (ribonucleic acid)
A single chain of nucleotides, which are composed of deoxyribose sugars.
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Nucleotide
A nucleotide is a monomer of nucleic acids. Their job is to carry energy, help enzymes and send messages with chemicals.
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Energy
The capacity to do work.
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Entropy
A measure of how much the energy of a particular system has become dispersed.
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Activation energy
The minimum amount of energy required to get a chemical reaction started.
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Endergonic (endothermic)
Means "energy in", takes in energy. Usually cold to the touch.
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Exergonic (exothermic)
Means "energy out", releases energy. Usually hot to the touch.
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Product
Molecules that are produced by the reaction (after the activation energy/enzyme is used).
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Reactant
Molecules that enter a reaction and become changed by it. They are the start in a chemical reaction.
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Active Site
Pockets where catalysis occurs.
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Catalase
An enzyme that makes a reaction run much faster than it would on its own.
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Lock and Key Model
Where the key is a Substrate and the lock is an Enzyme.
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Substrate
Molecule that an enzyme acts upon and converts to a product.
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How can an Enzyme work?
The enzyme needs to have very specific conditions in order for it to properly work. Molecules have to fit perfectly and need to be complementary in shape, size, polarity, and charge.
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What are the three main characteristics of enzymes?
Reusable, speeds up reactions, lowers activation energy.
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What kind of Reaction is this?
Endothermic
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What kind of Reaction is this?
Exothermic
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What elements make up Lipids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
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What elements make up Carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
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What elements make up Proteins?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.
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What elements make up Nucleic Acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous.
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What is the Key in the Lock and Key Model?
Substrate
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What is the Lock in the Lock and Key Model?
Enzyme
Note 
Flashcards (36)