BIO LEC EXAM 1

Anatomy

the study of body structures

Physiology

the study of function of anatomical structures

Gross anatomy/macroscopic anatomy

examines large, visible structures

Surface anatomy

exterior features

Regional anatomy

body areas

Systemic anatomy

organ systems

Clinical anatomy

medical specialties

developmental anatomy

from conception of death

microscopic anatomy

examines cells and molecules

cytology

study of cells and their structures

cyt

cells

histology

study of tissues and their structures

cell physiology

process within and between the cells

organ physiology

function of specific organ

systemic physiology

function of an organ system

pathological physiology

effects of disease

embryology

is the discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth

coronal plane

also called a frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

transverse plane

also called a horizontal plane or *cross-sectional plane,*divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

midsagittal plane

median plane, is a vertical plane and divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves

anterior

in front of ; toward the the front surface

posterior

In back of; towards the back surface

dorsal

towards the back side of human body

ventral

toward the belly side of the human body

superior

close to the head

inferior

closer to the feet

caudal

toward the rear or tail end

rostral

toward the nose or mouth

medial

towards the mid-line of the body

lateral

away from the mid-line of the body

Ipsilateral

on the same side

contralateral

on the opposite side

deep

closer to the inside, internal to another structure

superficial

closer to the outside, external to another structure

proximal

closer to the point of attachment to trunk

distal

farther away from point of attachment to trunk

Cephalic

head region

Pectoral

chest

Abdominal

abdomen

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

front of the knee

Crural

leg

Tarsal

ankle

first quadrant

right upper quadrant

second quadrant

left upper quadrant

third quadrant

right lower quadrant

fourth quadrant

left lower quadrant

right hypochondriac region

what is 1

epigastric region

what is 2

left hypochondriac region

what is 3

right lumbar region

what is 4

umbilical region

what is 5

left lumbar region

what is 6

right iliac region

what is 7

hypogastric region

what is 8

left iliac region

what is 9

forms the external body covering, protect deeper tissues, synthesize vitamin D

Functions of Integumentary system

Functions of Skeletal system

protects and supports the body organs

Functions of Muscular system

allows locomotion, facial expression, maintain posture, produces heat

Functions of Nervous system

controls muscles and glands, responding to internal and external changes

Functions of Endocrine system

composed of glands that regulate processes such as, growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc.

Functions of Cardiovascular system

transport blood, oxygen, nutrient and waste throughout the body

Functions of Lymphatic System/Immunity

picks up interstitial fluid and returns back to the blood, provide protection against bacteria and viruses

Functions of Respiratory system

keeps the blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Functions of Digestive system

breaks down food, absorbs nutrients and eliminates feces

Functions of Urinary system

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.

Functions of Reproductive system

its overall function is to produce offspring.

parts of Integumentary system

skin and connective tissues

parts of Skeletal system

skeleton

parts of Muscular system

muscles

parts of Nervous system

brain, spinal cord, neurons

parts of Endocrine system

hypothalamus, pituitary gland

parts of Cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

parts of Lymphatic System/Immunity

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes

parts of Respiratory system

trachea, bronchi, lungs

parts of Digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach

parts of Urinary system

kidneys, ureters

parts of Reproductive system

testes, vagina

what is the the order of organization

subatomic particles to atom to molecule to macromolecule to organelle to cell to tissue to organ to organ-system to organism.

biochemistry

the study of cell chemistry

Chemistry

the study of property, structure, and composition of matter

Serous membranes

line body and cover organs

parts of Serous membrane

pleural, pericardial, peritonea

Homeostasis

Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment

homeostatic mechanism

monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes

receptor

provide information about stimuli

Control center

tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point)

effectors

elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Negative feedback

The response of the effector negates the stimulus and the Body is brought back into homeostasis.

Positive feedback

The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus, body is moved away from homeostasis and is also use to speed up the process.

Negative feedback example

regulating blood sugar and temperature

positive feedback example

blood clot

Requirements of Organism

Water, food, oxygen, heart and pressure

Peritoneal cavity

chamber within abdominopelvic

cavity

Parietal peritoneum

lines the internal body wall

Visceral peritoneum

covers the organs

normal body temperature in fahrenheit

98\.6 degrees Fahrenheit

normal body temperature in celsius

37 degrees Celsius

physiological pH

Neutral

atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus of one atom