BIO chapter 2 exam deck

What does life depend on?

Chemistry

The basic unit of matter

Atom

Has mass and takes up space

Matter

What are the parts of an atom

Proton, neutron, and electron

What is the charge of a proton

Positive

What is the charge of an electron

Negative

Where are protons located

In the nucleus

Where are electrons located

In orbits around the nucleus

How do you find the number of protons in an atom

By the atomic number

A substance composed of one type of atom

about two dozen are commonly found in living organisms

Elements

The number of _________________ determines the type of element

Protons

The same element with a different number of neutrons

Isotope

Unstable nuclei and breakdown at a constant rate

Radioactive isotopes

A combination of two or more atoms, which results has a different composition

Molecule

Most atoms combine in such a way that their outer most energy level acquires a total of eight electrons

Octet rule

Most atoms combine in such a was that their outer most energy level acquires a total of two electrons

Duet rule

Force holding atoms together

Chemical bond

The sharing of electrons

Covalent bond

The attraction of ions (with different charges)

Ionic bond

A substance consisting of atoms of more that one element chemically combined

Compound

A charged atom

Ion

Most atoms have __________________ bonds

Covalent

Loose an electron=

A positive charge

Gain an electron=

A negative charge

Used to show the number and kind of atom in a compound

Chemical formula

The number of atoms of the element

Subscript

Letters=

Symbols

What are four common elements

1)hydrogen 2)oxygen 3)nitrogen 4)carbon

Describes a chemical reaction (reactants--------> products)

Chemical equations

The number of atoms on each side of the "-------->" must be equal

Balanced equation

During a chemical equation mass is neither created or destroyed

Law of conservation of mass

Van der Waals Forces

When molecules are close together, a slight attraction can develop between oppositely charged molecules (not as strong as other bonds)

Same simple formula but a different structural formula, have different physical and chemical properties

Isomers

What are the properties of water

-organisms are 70% water -water is a neutral molecule -one side of the water molecule is positive (hydrogens) and the other side is negative (oxygen)

Unevenly distributed charges (has a charge)

Polar molecule

Cohesion tension theory

Hydrogen bonds are used to hold water molecules together

are weaker than covalent and ionic bonds

The clinging together of the same kind of molecules (water)

Cohesion

The attraction of unlike molecules

Adhesion

The movement of molecules against the force of gravity

Capillary Action

Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined

Mixture

What are the two types of mixtures with water

Solutions and suspensions

Materials evenly distribute (covalent) in this type of mixture

Solutions

Materials do not dissolve (ionic) in this type of mixture

Suspensions

A ____________(lesser part) dissolves in a ______________(greater part)

Solute, Solvent

In Biology what is normally the solvent

Water

Acid

Number of H+ ions is greater than the number of OH- ions (sour)

What are some examples of acids

Lemon and lime

Base

Number of OH- ions is greater than the number of H+ ions (bitter and slippery)

What is an example of a base

Soap

Neutral solution

Equal number of positive and negative changes (H+ and OH-)

What are 1-6 on the pH scale

Acids

What is 7 on the pH scale

Neutral (pure water)

What is 8-14 on the pH scale

Bases

Buffers

Weak acids and basis that are used to keep the pH levels constant

Organic compounds contain _____________________

Carbon

Inorganic compound contain ________ _______________________

No Carbon (except CO2)

Monomers

Single units (one)

Polymers

Monomers joined together (more than one)

What are four Macromolecules

1)carbohydrates 2)Lipids 3)Proteins 4)Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Main source of energy

Glucose

Universal fuel or food

Simple sugar, building blocks for complex carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

What are three monosaccharides

1)glucose 2)fructose 3)galactose

Double sugars, two monosaccharides

Disaccharides

What are some examples of Disaccharides

1)sucrose=glucose+fructose 2)maltose=glucose+glucose 3)lactose=glucose+galactose

Large carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Most complex carbohydrates (100's)

Starches

What are two starches

1)cellulose:starches in plants 2)glycogen:starches in animals

What are the three common categories of Lipids

1)fats 2)waxes 3)oils

Lipids are more complex than ______________________.

Carbohydrates

Lipids are ___________ and used as _________________.

Stored,energy

Solid fats (lard) come from ______________

Animals

Liquid oils come from _________________.

Plants

Fats=_____ fatty acids + glycerol

3

NO double bond between carbon molecules (more energy on the internal carbons:C-H)

Saturated Fats

Have double bonds between carbon molecules (poly=many double bonds)

Unsaturated fats

Steroids

Lipids that serve chemical messengers

What are proteins used for

Growth, development, maintenance, and repair

_________________ ___________ are the building blocks of proteins

Amino Acids

What atoms do proteins contain

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

_______________ are larger and more complex than lipids and carbohydrates.

Proteins

Amino group=

-NH2

Peptide bond

A bond between amino acids

Dipeptide

2 amino acids bonded

Polypeptides

Many amino acids bonded

Proteins

100's of amino acids bonded

What are the four ways proteins differ

1)arrangement of amino acids 2)order or sequence of amino acids 3)kind of amino acids 4)number of amino acids

What is the first level of protein organization

Primary: linear sequence (chain)

What is the second level of protein organization

Secondary: chains are twisted or folded

What is the third level of protein organization

Tertiary: numerous chains in secondary forms

tight structure (can not put back together)

What is the fourth level of protein organization

Quaternary: extremely tight structures (can not put back together)

Alpha Helix means

Twisted

Beta pleated means

Folded

Nucleic acids are ____________ complex

Most

Nucleic acids are made up of what

Nucleotides

What are the parts of nucleotides

1)5 carbon sugar 2)nitrogen base 3)phosphate group

DNA

Deoxyribonucleucacid