Cardiac Ischemia and Society

Flashcards about Cardiac Ischemia

Ischemic Heart Disease

The leading cause of morbidity and mortality in a worldwide epidemic, characterized by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.

Myocardial Ischemia

An imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, causing cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and sudden death.

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

The most common cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

Often the first clinical manifestation of CVD.

Angina

A common symptom of cardiac ischemia affecting many individuals. It is chest pain or discomfort caused when your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood. It can feel like pressure, squeezing, or fullness in the chest.

Atherosclerotic Diseases

Diseases related to the build-up of plaque inside the arteries.

Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Disease

Improved considerably since the 1970s, largely attributable to public health efforts and the use of drugs like statins.

Social Determinants of Health

The conditions under which people are born, live, work, and age, which can significantly impact health outcomes.

High Sensitivity Troponins

Markers of cardiac injury that have increased the detection rates for less severe heart disease.

Stroke

The second leading cause of CVD mortality across regions, according to the notes.

Modifiable Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease

Smoking, being overweight, physical inactivity, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and unhealthy diet.

Unmodifiable Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease

Age, gender, ethnicity, and genetics.

Ischemia

Reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to a part of the body. Cardiac ischemia is decreased blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle.

Heart Attack Signs

Chest pain or discomfort, pain moving down the left arm or up to the left side of the jaw, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, sweating.

MINOCA

Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries. It is a working diagnosis encompassing various underlying causes, both cardiac and extra-cardiac.

Bempedoic Acid

Reduces cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting ATP citrate lyase, an enzyme involved in the production of cholesterol in the liver.

Statins

Act by inhibiting an enzyme in the liver called HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol production.

Ezetimibe

Inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption by targeting the NPC1L1 protein.

Aspirin

Acts by inhibiting enzymes, mainly COX-1 and COX-2, responsible for producing prostaglandins.

P2Y12 Inhibitors

Block platelet activation by binding to P2Y12 receptors on platelet surfaces, inhibiting ADP-mediated signalling.

SGLT-2 Inhibitors

Block sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 in renal tubules, reducing glucose reabsorption and increasing urinary glucose excretion.

GLP-1 Agonists

Function by activating the GLP-1 receptor, enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon release, slowing gastric emptying, and promoting satiety.

Beta-Blockers

Function by blocking the activation of beta and alpha-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vasculature, leading to reduced heart rate, lowered blood pressure, and decreased myocardial oxygen demand.