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A&R
The section of a record label or publishing company that scouts new artists and oversees the work of recording artists and songwriters
A Cappella
Music without instrumental accompaniment
Arranger
Someone who adapts a musical composition for performance
Backbeat
An accent on a normally unaccented beat. Used a lot in jazz and pop and is a form of syncopation
Ballad
A slow sentimental or romantic song
“Barbara Allen”
A traditional folk song that began as a ballad and has been adapted into many different versions
Black Spirituals
A style of folk song that is associated with American slavery. Used for communication and escape, mourning, hope, joy, etc. among enslaved people
British Ballad Tradition
The form of folk music that first spread to and emerged in North West England
Broadsides
Cheap sheets of paper that contain lyrics for music. It was a much cheaper and easier way of producing music for the masses that was to be sold everywhere rather than the alternative of sheet music
Call-and-Response
A musical technique with two phrases in succession that sound as though a conversation is happening in the music
Cantillation
The notation of the melody of scriptural readings in Judaism
Chorus
Either a large group of singers or the section of a song that is repeated multiple times after each verse
Composer
A person who writes music, especially classical genres
Dance Music
Music that is specifically made to be accompanied by or to facilitate dancing
Dialect
A specific way of speaking, including slang, that is contained to one region or social group
Folk music
A style of music that is associated with rural areas and has historically been passed down through oral tradition
Formal Analysis
An analysis of all of the formal and technical aspects of a work of art
Gospel Music
A style of music that is used to tell stories from Christianity
Groove
To dance or listen to pop or jazz, often associated with the disco culture
Hook
A short, repeating line in a song that catches the ear of the listener
Lyricist
A person who writes lyrics
Lyrics
The words in a song
Montuno
Means “from the mountains” and is found often in Cuban dance music
Musical Process
The process by which music is created
Old-Time Music
Music that crosses multiple styles of North American folk music
Polyrhythmic
Combining multiple contrasting rhythms in music
Producer
The person who is in charge of all of the logistics for creating and releasing a piece of music. They are often the ones mixing sound in a studio
Rhythm
The beat of a song, the repeated pattern of the sound
Riff
A short repeated phrase in music
Sharecroppers
People who were given land to farm in return for giving the owners of the land part of the profit. The Blues were born out of the challenges of this kind of life
“Soldier’s Joy”
A classic fiddle tune with American and Scottish fiddling traditions found in it
Spirituals
A type of religious folk music that is often closely associated with African American heritage and tradition
String Band Tradition
The basic structure of most folk music: a fiddle, a viola, and a bass
Strophic
A song in which the verses are all sung to the same music without variation
Timbre
The specific tone quality of a certain note or phrase. Examples include rich, bright, mellow, dark, etc.
Tune Families
Groups of songs in folk music all with very similar melodies
Verses
A set of lyrics in a song that is not typically repeated and is found in between the choruses. Each verse usually varies slightly from the verse before it and they serve to move the story of the song along and explore the main idea of the song
Carlos Gardel
A French-Argentine singer, songwriter, and composer who is considered the most popular and famous tango singer of all time
Dink Robers
An old-time banjo player from North Carolina who predated the Blues and was known for his rhythmically complex picking style
Francisco Canaro
Uraguayan violinist and tango orchestra leader who is considered one of the most influential tango musicians ever
James Giddeon (Gid) Tanner
An old-time fiddler who was one of the earliest stars of what came to be known as country music
Jean Ritchie
Often called the Mother of Folk. She often sang unaccompanied and was a folk singer, songwriter, and dulcimer player
José (“El Negro”) Ricardo
The first guitarist of Carlos Gardel and was a composer and lyricist from Argentina
Lightning Washington
An anonymous man from the Darrington State Prison Farm in Texas in 1934 who recorded spirituals and folk songs with his fellow inmates
Mississippi John Hurt
American country and blues singer and guitarist who had a distinct fingerpicking style
Minstrel Show
Early forms of theatre with white people in blackface portraying harmful stereotypes of African Americans
George Washington Dixon
An early blackface minstrel show performer
Thomas Dartmouth Rice
“The father of American minstrelsy”. A playwright and blackface performer
Stephen Collins Foster
An early minstrel song writer
Arrangement
An adaptation of a piece of music/composition
Brass Band Concerts
One of the primary sources of entertainment in the late 1800s and early 1900s
John Philip Sousa
Composer and conductor most known for military marches
Paul Dresser
Minstrel show performer
Harry Von Tilzer
Icon of the Tin Pan Valley music era
James A. Bland
African American minstrel show performer
Charles K. Harris
A structure One of the early pioneers of the Tin Pan Alley music era
Ragtime
A music style popular from the late 1800s to the early 1900s. Fast, syncopated rhythms, piano
Syncopation
Playing on the off-beat. A disruption in the regular flow of the music
Vaudeville
A type of comical theatrical performance
Waltz
A type of ballroom dance with a ¾ time signature
Scott Joplin
One of the most crucial and influential ragtime musicians
Tin Pan Alley
Musical era comprised of ballads, dance music, ragtime, vaudeville, etc., became almost synonymous was American popular music
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