W1: Government and Citizenship

Politics came from what word?

polis

What does “polis” mean?

city-state

• Deals with polis affairs and is roughly comparable to statesmanship

• The art or science of government concerned with guiding or influencing governmental policy

• The art or science concerned with winning and holding control over a government

• This exists because people disagree about the aims and objects of human endeavor

• This is generally applied to behavior within civil governments but it s also observed in all human group interactions

• Is the way in which we understand and order our social affairs and acquire control over a situation

politics

• This is the study of politics, power, government, and the state

• It deals with how cities govern themselves, how political power is distributed, and how laws and policies are created and implemented

• Study of political phenomena

• Goal is to deepen human understanding to develop theoretical tools for interpreting politically meaningful phenomena

• Focuses on the theory and practice of government

political science

Who is the father of political science?

Aristotle

What are the approaches to political science?

1. Traditional approach

2. Behavioral approach

What are the forms of traditional approach?

1. Philosophical

2. Historical

3. Institutional

4. Legal

• This blends philosophical, ethical, and institutional perspectives, focusing on the states organization and functions

• It is largely normative, emphasizing political values and the study of various political structures and institutions

traditional approach

• This is a traditional form of approach where it firmly believes that values cannot be separated from the study of politics and political system

• The main concern is to judge what is good or bad in any political society

philosophical form

This is a traditional form of approach where it emphasizes on the study of history of every political reality to analyze any situation

historical form

This is a traditional form of approach where it is the study of formal structures and institutions like legislature, executive, judiciary, political parties, etc.

institutional form

This is a traditional form of approach where it is concerned with the legal process, legal bodies, or institutions, justice, and independence of judiciary

legal form

This approach in political science focuses on the objective, value-free, and scientific study of politics, using empirical methods to analyze behavior and daily activities of individuals rather than just the state and its institutions

behavioral approach

This is a behavioral form of approach where it believes that there are certain uniformities in political behavior which can be expressed in generalizations or theories in order to explain and predict political phenomena

regularities form

This is a behavioral form of approach where it emphasizes testing and verifying everything. According to the behaviorists, what cannot be verified is not scientific.

verification form

This is a behavioral form of approach where it puts emphasis on the use of those research tools and methods which generate valid, reliable and comparative data

techniques form

This is a behavioral form of approach where after collecting data, the researcher should measure and quantify those data

quantification form

This is a behavioral form of approach where it believe that to do objective research one has to be value free

values form

This is a behavioral form of approach where it believes that the study of Political Science should be verified by evidence

pure science form

This is a behavioral form of approach where political science should not be separated from various other social sciences like history, sociology and economics, etc

integration form

The word “state” is derived from what word?

status

Who was the first to use the term “state”

Niccolo Machiavelli

Where did Niccolo Machiavelli used the term “state”?

in his writings titled “Prince”

• This is the most universal and powerful of all institutions

• Is a natural institution

• It is a community of people occupying a definite portion of territory having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control.

state

What are the theories to the origin of a state?

1. Divine right theory

2. Necessity of force theory

3. Instinctive theory

4. Social contract theory

5. Evolutionary/patriarchal

6. Natural theory

7. Economic theory

This theory is the oldest theory that holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God

divine right theory

This theory maintains that the state must have been created as a product of the existence of the strong and the weak in society and as a result of their struggle against each other, wherein those who are strong are able to dominate and impose their will upon the weak

necessity theory

This theory proposes that political involvement is a natural instinct for humans, and the state emerges as a result of this inherent inclination.

Instinctive theory

This theory asserts that the early states must have been formed by a deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize a government for their common good

social contract theory

This theory suggests that humans are naturally social beings who form groups and eventually evolve into states.

natural theory

This theory views the state as an evolution from the family, with the state developing from enlarged families to clans, tribes, and eventually, a more complex political structure.

evolutionary/patriarchal theory

This theory emphasizes the role of economic factors in the formation of the state, suggesting that states arose to satisfy the economic needs of their populations.

economic theory

What are the elements of the state?

1. People

2. Territory

3. Government

4. Sovereignty

This element refers to the:

• Mass population living within the state. "People" answers the question, "Who governs whom

• A state must have this but there is no fixed rule on the required number

• The key is having enough population to sustain the state’s existence and fulfill its international obligations

• Usually referred to as a nation

• Can either be composed of a nation or many nations

people

The society of inhabitants of one country, using the same language, with a common ancestry and identity of origin, with a shared cultural heritage, and a community of sentiments and interests that formed over the passage of centuries.

nation

The territory is the demarcated area that rightfully belongs to the population. "Territory" answers the question, "Where?" It is a definite portion of the surface of the earth, that is the subject of the jurisdiction and sovereign rights of a state in accordance with international law

territory

It is an institution or group of institutions that makes and implements rules necessary for people to live together in society, either by mutual agreement or through the authority of those in power

government

The supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from the people within its jurisdiction and, corollary, to have freedom from foreign control.

sovereignty