SET 4 - History of Art: ID-2241 Exam 4

Humanism

Name?

Date?

Period?

Facts?

David

1432

Humanism Art

• Giottesque becomes Humanism

• sculpted by Donatello, (Quattrocento)

• story of David and Goliath

• subject matter

  • after the defeat of Goliath hero as triumphant transtion

  • from youth to maturity

• focus on human hero (not mythological character, mortal) intellect over might (without armor, not using body to resolve issue), beauty of human body as representing the "perfection of the soul"

• lost wax process of bronze casting

• open form, free standing

• contrapposto stance ("ponderation", first of its kind in a long time)

• first nude figure since ancient Greek/Roman period (nude images were banned by Church)

• first successful use of contrapposto stance since the ancient Greek period

• first free-standing sculptural figure since the Greek-Roman period

Name?

Date?

Period?

Facts?

Tribute Money, Brancacci Chapel, Florence

1427

Humanism Art

• tax tribute being paid to the Romans

• painted by Masaccio, in the Brancacci Chapel in Florence, (Quattrocento)

• continuous narration (showing the story of Peter paying taxes)

• Giottesque

  • 3D earthly space/3D earthly humans, perspective systems (planimetric separation, overlapping, linear perspective with orthogonals)

• Sfumato (further away become sky becomes distorted to imply that it is very deep)

• modeling (convexity of human forms)

• dramatic (human) moment

Name?

Date?

Period?

Facts?

Expulsion of Adam and Eve, Brancacci Chapel, Florence

1425

Humanism Art

• painted by Massacio in the Brancacci Chapel in Florence (Quattrocento)

• earthly-human space beyond depicted arch

• shown as nude to emphasize their human state, casting shadows

• focus on human dilemma, - moving through space, time

• emotion (suffering) - Eve: birthpains, Adam: toil

• anatomy (navel) - earthly born, having to birth children, amblical cord

Name?

Date?

Period?

Facts?

Dome of Florence Cathedral

Humanism Art

1436

• designed by Filippo Brunelleschi

• studied human ribcage

• double shell (8 exterior ribs, 24 interior ribs, based on human anatomy, transfer weight downwards)

• lantern on top of dome , small tower placed on top of dome

  • starts transfer of weight,

  • latern necessary to stabilize dome shape

Name?

Date?

Period?

Facts?

Genevra di Benci

1480

Humanism Art

• painted by Leonardo da Vinci

• smaller than lifesize

• concave space (earthly human space)

  • perspective systems (planimetric separation)

  • vanishing point - where it all disappears, complete distance

• convex forms (human forms in earthly space, conforming to gravity and 3-dimensionality)

• 3/4 pose (one shoulder in foreground, other in middle ground, mediation)

• chiaroscuro - mapping of convex, concave surface with shadows

• Genevra = Juniper tree, her name (tree is located in the painting, behind her head)

Name?

Date?

Period?

Facts?

The Last Supper, the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

1498

Humanism Art

• Painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie

• waxing pigment would come of wall before restoration 

• door cut into wall that removed the feet of Christ

• Eucharist 

• Streatched out that makes up a triangle

• Three windows

• Disciples in groups of three making up in a triangle

• vanishing point (distant point at which infinity is implied)

• realistic earthly halo - light refelcting from windows on back of head becomes halo

• viewer vantage point from other communion table

• orthogonals from painting "in the architecture" to match actual room

• implied lines (eye beams)

• multiple moments, represents humanity of Christ in earthly setting

• gesturing away, like everyone is reacting to something, Christ announces someone will betray him

• Judas

  • head is the lowest, tells his story

• Thomas

  • touches the resurrection of Christ

• Peter

  • holds a knife to represent that he will cut off someone’s ear later

Name?

Date?

Period?

Facts?

Mona Lisa

1505

Humanism

• painted by Leonardo da Vinci

• concave space (planimetric separation, vanishing point)

• convex form (3/4 pose, , )

• chiaroscuro

• modeling

• 30 layers of paint (building space, layering, creating forms)

  • from inner to outer

  • strcuture

  • skin

  • clothing/hair

  • light/shadows

• divides lanscape after head and after body

  • different landscape behind head (divine creation by God) and behind body (creation by humans, bridges, roads)

• implied lines (motion, eye glance)

Name?

Date?

Period?

Facts?

Cartoon for Leonardo, Virgin and Child with St. Anne

1498

Humanism

• Drawn by Leonardo da Vinci

• cartoon (life-sized preparatory study)

• Anne (mother of Mary), Mary, infant Jesus, John the Baptist

• eye glance (depicts family lineage, maternal family tree)

• pointing gesture to God the Father, bleassing hand up to Godblessing

Name?

Date?

Period?

Facts?

Oil Painting of Virgin and Child with St. Anne

1513

Humanism

• Painted by Leonardo da Vinci

• Removes John the Baptist and is replaced with a lamb, represnting that Christ is the sacrifce

• Anne: foundation, feet on ground, most earthly

• Virgin Mary: floating, in between earthly and divine

• upper background back of human heads(divine creation) and lower background behind bodies (earthly/human)

Name?

Date?

Period?

Facts?

Vitruvian Man

Humanism

• notebook page written by Leonardo da Vinci

• Vitruvius (1st c. BC Roman architect)

• human as center of the world

  • navel

  • self-portrait

• geometrically perfect

  • square reconciled with circle

Name?

Date?

Period?

Facts?

School of Athens, Raphael in the Vatican

1509-1511

Humanism

• painted by Raphael in the Vatican

• references to Ancient Greco-Roman world

• representation of Earthl/human

• concave space

  • human made architecture

  • planimetric separation

    • foreground: the Renaissance world/artists - architecure, Brunelleschi

    • middle ground the ancient Greco-Roman world: Plato, Aristotle

  • vanishing point

  • linear perspective, orthogonals

• convex forms

  • modeling

  • chiaroscuro

• Plato (ancient Greek philosophy) and Aristotle (ancient Science)

• references to Renaissance artists in foreground

• connects Renaissance "renewal" with knowledge from the past

Humanism characteristics

Quattrocentric Art: Humanism

• Bubonic plague so a gap in history

• referring to the Ducciesque and Giottesque styles

• Giotesque becomes Humanism

  • focus on human form

  • focus on human stories

• accurate human anatomy: contrapposto (ancient Greek sculpture)

• Nudity - human body as the refelction of the perfection of the soul, perfect engineering (Ancient Greco-Roman philosophy)

• Stories of human heriosm (not mythological stories)

• representation of human emotion, psychology

ponderation

perfection of the contrapasso 

continuous narration

multiple moments in a story that is presented in the same space

Sfumato

"mistiness", atmospheric perspective, concave space

vanishing point

background space so distant that it disappears = infinity

chiaroscuro

clear/obscure, manipulation of lines to indicate depth of shadows, technique to produce 3D effect, lines to indicate shadows

cartoon

life-sized preparatory study