05A. Energy + India's Initiatives 2 (Economic Survey Schemes)

Adaption gap report

1. Who comes up with it

1. UNEP

read 2nd document on renewable energy which is another document

Lets see nuclear energy

Important nuclear materials

1. Uranium

2. Thorium

What does each do

1. Control rod

2. Moderator

3. Coolant

1. absorbs neutrons- Boron, cadmium, Silver-Indium-Cadmium

2. Slows neutrons - H2O, D2O, Graphite

3. Go around the core and cools- Water, Liquid CO2,liquid helium

Front end steps who does it

0. Survey

1. Minimg

2, Milling

3. Conversion (to nuclear material)

4. Enrichment

5. fuel fabrication

0. Atomic minerals directorate

1. UCIL

2. UCIL

3.

4.

5.

What is enrichment

1. In uranium normally we have U-238 as 99.7% and U-235 is 0.3%, only 235 is fissionable

1. So in enrichment we convert U-238 to 235 and increase percenatge 235 to 15%

Lets see who does Backend

1. Reprocessing

2. Nuclear waste Management

1. BARC (bhabha atomic research centre)

2. BARC (bhabha atomic research centre)

How much enichment for

1. Light water reactor

2. Breeder reactor

3. Bomb

1. 2.5-3.5%

2. 15-30%

3. 90%

so who controls and watches the enrichment of diff countries

1. Which agency

2. HQ

3. India is a member

1. UN's IAEA

2. vienna, Austria

3. Founding member

What is

1. NSG

2. Criteria for it

3. India

4. impprted uranium vs local

1. To get fissile materials from other country

2. member of NPT

3. Not member of NSG but special status because of civil nuclear deal

4. Acc to deal the imported uranium can be used only for civil purposes

Lets see diff reactors

Boiling water reactor

1. coolant

2. moderator

3. Advantages

4. Disadvantages

1. H2O

2. H2O

3. Both water acts as above so easy to create

4. Water in core gets radioactive

Pressurised heavy water reactor

1. coolant

2. moderator

3. Advantages

4. Disadvantages

1. D2O

2. D2O - primary

H2O - secondary coolant where the gas opens

3. No enrichment needed, can use natural uranium

4. D2O is costly

Fast Breeder reactor

1. Why fast?

2. Why breeder?

3. Coolant

4. Advantages

5. disadvantages

1. Here we dont need to slow down neutrons so no moderator

2. It creates more fuel than it consumes!!

3. Liquid He

4. Uses U-238

5. Liquid He is risky to handle

Advanced heavy water reactor

0. Why advanced

1. coolant

2. moderator

3. Advantages

4. Disadvantages

0. Because it uses Thorium

1. H2O

2. D2O

3.

India's startegy

Goal is to use thorium since india is rich in monazite.

so we follow 3 stage process

step1: PHWR?BWR + U-238 -> U-235 + plutonium(very less)

step2 : FBR U-238+Pu -> Pu (more)

step3: AHWR Thorium+Pu -> U-233 (fissile) + energy

so finally U-233 can be used as fissile material

India's 1st stage

1. Fuel

2. Reactor

3. Output

1. Natural Uranium (large non-fissile U-238 + 0.7% U-235 (fissile)

2. PHWR

3. Energy + Pu-239(usd in stage 2) (U-238 absrobs neutrons and gives Pu-239)

stage 2.1

1. Fuel

2. Reactor

3. Output

stage 2.2

1. Pu as driver (this releases neutrons) + U-238 (this is non fissile but it absorbs neutrons)

2. FBR

3. More Pu-239 (this is needed because we only got very few Pu in first stage)

stage 2.2

after we get sufficient plutonium we replace U-238 by Thorium-232 now the neutrons released by Pu-239 will be absorbed by Thorium instead of U-238 and converts to U-233

3rd stage

1. Fuel

2. Reactor

3. Output

1. U-233

2. AHWR

3. Energy

Fertile vs fissile

Can be used in fission vs cannot be used directly but can be converted to fertile.

India have 25% of global thorium (fertile) but only 2% uranium

Nuclear plants in operation

1. kaiga

2. Kakrapur

3. Kudankulam

4. tarapur

5. Rawatbhata

6. Narora

7. Kalpakkam

1. K.N

2. Gujarat

3. T.N

4. M.H

5. Rajasthan

6. UP

7. T.N

International Initiatives for Fusion

International ThermoNuclear Experimental Reactor, France

1. What kind of reactor

2. India's contribution

1. Tokamak

2. suppplied 4km cryoline network

China's Artificial sun - EAST

1. What kind of reactor

1. Tokamak

India-IPR Tokamak Programme

1. where

1. Gujarat

Joint European Tokamak

decommissioning

Lets see Small Modular reactors - very imp

Small Modular reactors

Now lets see Bio-Fuels

Does Sugarcane have MSP or FRP

1. MSP v FRP

1. MSP is market support, gvt says that it will buy from farmers at that price if market price falls below it

2. FRP is legal and statutory right, Market price can't go down than this

What is octane number

tells you how much the fuel can be "squeezed" before it spontaneously ignites on its own.

Genertion of biofuels

1. 1st

2. 2nd

3. 3rd

4. 4th

1. From food crops (food vs fuel)

2. From food waste

3. GM(to increase Carbon storing capacity of algae) algae

4. 3rd gen + CCUS

National Policyon Biofuels

1. Biofuels covered

2. established what

3. goal

4. what can raw material be for ethanol production

1. Bioethanol, Biodiesel, BioCNG

2.National Biofuel cordination committee

3. 20% blening of ethanol by 2025 (after amendment in 2022)and 5% blending of biodiesel by 2030

4. Sugarcane Juice, Sugar containing materials- sugar beet, sweet sorghum, starch containing materials - Corn, Cassava etc

- damanged food grains

- Surplu sfood grains with the approval of above committee

What is ethanol supply year

1st november to 31st october

Policy categories biofuels as

1. Basic

2. Advanced

- Drop-in fuels

3. Third generation

1. 1G

2. 2G

- can be used in existing engine without modifying their fuel distribution system

3. 3G

PM-JIVAN

1. for what

2. pilot programme on what

1. for 2nd generation biofuels

2. E100

Biobutanol

1. which microirganism produces

2. advantage

3. disadvanatge

1. Clostridium acetobutylcium

2. higher energy density than ethanol, high octane number

3. lower energy content than gasoline

Biodiesel

1. how is it produced

2. which plant

3. advanatges

1. fats from vegetable oils

2. Jatropha plant

3. high cetane number,no sulphur content

Ethanol blending advantages

1. Env

2. Import of oil

3. Octane number

1. Less sulphur

2. Import of crude oil decreases

3. High (so cannot be used in diesel)

Octane number vs Cetane number

Knocking in petrol due to early ignition vs Knocking in diesel due to late ignition

Read Bioenergy from pdf and read other pdf too