Nutrition 251 Exam 3 Study Guide - Penn State

Fat soluble vitamins

ADEK

-Requires fat for absorption

-Bound to proteins/lipoproteins

-Stored in Liver/adipose tissue

Water soluble vitamins

B,C

-Absorbed directly into bloodstream

-Readily excreted by urine

-Limited Storage

Vitamins

essential organic compounds that promote growth and reproduction, cannot be synthesized by body

-Absorbed in SI, directly into bloodstream

Minerals

-Absorbed in small/large intestines, bound to proteins

-Storage varies (bones/teeth/liver/marrow)

-Transported via bloodstream

Micronutrients

-Provide NO energy

-Needed in small amounts (mgs)

-Active in energy-yielding metabolic reactions: cell growth, blood clotting, etc.

Macronutrients

-Provide energy

-Needed in large amounts (gs)

Mineral

Essential, inorganic basic elements required in SMALL amounts

Major minerals

Found in large quantities in the body

Trace minerals

Not found in large quantities in body

What influences mineral content in food?

Enriched foods, alkalinity, heat, light, air

Supplements

Are not a substitute for a healthy diet

Cancer

-Genes increase risk 1-15%

-Exposure to carcinogenic environment

-Lack of physical activity/healthy diet

-Vitamin D or Calcium deficiency

Coenzymes

organic cofactors

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

-coenzymes + apoenzymes

Calcium

Deficiency: osteoporosis

Toxicity symptoms: irritability, headache, kidney stones/failure

Builds, protects bones, muscle contractions, cell metabolism

Yogurt, Milk, Brussel Sprouts, Kale, Broccoli

Vitamin D

Deficiency: Low milk intake, minimal sun exposure, dark skin pigmentation

Toxicity symptoms: Ca deposits in organs, nausea/vomiting, joint pain, bone dematerialization

Immune function, insulin, renin, PTH secretion

Eel, Cod liver oil, Salmon, Tuna, Herring

Phosphorus

Deficiency: Bone loss, decreased growth, anorexia

Toxicity symptoms: Rare

Energy prod./storage, DNA/RNA, phospholipids

Pancakes, Fish, Yogurt, Milk, Cottage Cheese, Pork Chop

Magnesium

Deficiency: Impaired nerve functions/nausea, decreased bone mass

Toxicity symptoms: rare

Blood pressure, DNA/RNA sythensis

Enzyme cofactor

Brazil nuts, Spinach, Beans, Trail mix, soybeans

Fluoride

Toxicity symptoms: Fluorosis, nausea, diarrhea, sweating, coma

Bone/teeth strength, protects against dental caries

Enriched Water

Tea

Seafood

Vitamin E

-Donates hydrogen to lipid peroxyl radicals

-Prevents CVD, cancer, etc.

Sunflower seeds/oil, Peanuts, Avocado, Mayo

Vitamin C

-Donates electrons to free radicals

-Oxidative damage in cell respiration, non-heme iron, absorption