Assessment of Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat

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84 Terms

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Tension headache

Caused by stress, poor posture, sleep.

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Migraine

Triggered by hormonal changes, foods, stress.

<p>Triggered by hormonal changes, foods, stress.</p>
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Cluster headache

Awakens from sleep; linked to alcohol, nitroglycerin.

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Thunderclap headache

Worst headache; indicates potential brain aneurysm.

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Brain aneurysm

Weak spot on artery; bulges like bubble.

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Concussion

Head injury; assess loss of consciousness.

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Meningitis

Neck pain with stiffness, headache, fever.

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Normocephalic

Round, symmetric skull; normal head shape.

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Microcephaly

Abnormally small head size.

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Macrocephaly

Abnormally large head size.

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Bell's palsy

Cranial nerve 7 damage; caused by herpes.

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Nystagmus

Oscillating eye movement; indicates inner ear issues.

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Vertigo

Sensation of spinning; often related to inner ear.

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Exophthalmos

Protruding eyes; associated with Grave's disease.

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Goiter

Enlarged thyroid; caused by low iodine.

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PERRLA

Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation.

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Decreased tear production

Related to lacrimal gland involution in older adults.

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Ectropion

Lower lid eversion; loss of elasticity.

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Cataracts

Thickened, yellowed lens fibers; causes vision issues.

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Accessory muscles

Muscles used for neck movement assessment.

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Lymph nodes

Palpate for size, shape, mobility, tenderness.

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Normal lymph nodes

Movable, discrete, soft, and nontender.

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Pupillary constriction

Both pupils constrict in response to light.

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Cranial nerve 3

Responsible for controlling pupillary constriction.

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Accommodation

Convergence of eyes when focusing on near objects.

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Snellen eye chart

Chart used to assess visual acuity with letters.

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Visual acuity measurement

Top number is distance; bottom is normal vision distance.

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Age-appropriate screening

Tools tailored to the patient's age for eye exams.

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Fundus variation

Fundus color varies with individual's skin color.

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Glaucoma screening

Health promotion recommendation for early detection.

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Subjective data

Patient-reported symptoms regarding vision issues.

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Strabismus

Deviation in the parallel alignment of eyes.

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Diplopia

Seeing two images of a single object.

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Red eye emergencies

Conditions causing sudden vision loss or trauma.

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Intraocular pressure

Increased pressure associated with glaucoma.

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Patient-centered care

Focus on individual patient's eye health needs.

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Snellen chart procedure

Position patient 20 feet away for vision testing.

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Opaque card use

Shield one eye during Snellen chart testing.

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Reading glasses removal

Remove only reading glasses for vision testing.

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Smallest line reading

Patient reads the smallest line on the chart.

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Numeric fraction recording

Record vision result as a fraction (e.g., 20/20).

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Conjunctiva and sclera inspection

Assess eye surface for color and clarity.

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Pallor

Color change indicating possible anemia.

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Glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure damages peripheral vision.

<p>Increased intraocular pressure damages peripheral vision.</p>
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Intraocular pressure

Pressure from aqueous humor in the eye.

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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

Loss of central vision; peripheral vision intact.

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Risk factors for AMD

Age >50, smoking, family history, UV exposure.

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Diabetic retinopathy

Shade patches in the lens due to diabetes.

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Cataracts

Clouding of lens, leading to vision impairment.

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Preventable cataracts

80% preventable with surgery and lifestyle changes.

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Conductive hearing loss

Mechanical dysfunction in external/middle ear.

<p>Mechanical dysfunction in external/middle ear.</p>
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Sensorineural hearing loss

Pathology of the inner ear; nerve degeneration.

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Mixed hearing loss

Combination of conductive and sensorineural loss.

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Normal hearing changes with aging

Gradual loss; cerumen becomes drier and harder.

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Cerumen

Earwax that protects and lubricates the ear.

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Tympanic membrane inspection

Should be pearly gray and translucent.

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Hearing acuity tests

Assess hearing ability using various methods.

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Audio meter

Device to test hearing by sound detection.

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Whispered voice test

Test for hearing using whispered speech.

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Tuning fork test

Tests air and bone conduction of sound.

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Risk factors for cataracts

Age, smoking, obesity, diabetes, UV exposure.

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Symptoms of cataracts

Blurry vision, glare, halos, poor night vision.

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Monitoring glaucoma

Regular eye exams to check for pressure.

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Corticosteroids and cataracts

Long-term use can increase cataract risk.

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Nasal Polyps

Noncancerous growths in the nasal cavity.

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Tongue Appearance

Pink, rough surface; may have white coating.

<p>Pink, rough surface; may have white coating.</p>
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Older Adult Nose Changes

More prominent due to subcutaneous fat loss.

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Taste and Smell Decline

Decreased olfactory nerve fibers and taste buds.

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Candidiasis Infection

Fungal infection, increased risk in older adults.

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Antibiotic Effects

Can cause black hairy tongue and Candidiasis.

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Papillary Atrophy

Smoother tongue surface due to loss of papillae.

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Gingivitis

Inflammation of gums, can relate to various factors.

<p>Inflammation of gums, can relate to various factors.</p>
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Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing, assess for coughing or choking.

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Leukoplakia

White patches on the tongue, potential concern.

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Cranial Nerve 10 Test

'Ah' test to assess throat function.

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Cranial Nerve 12 Test

Sticking out tongue to assess motor function.

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Cranial Nerve 9 and 10 Test

Gag reflex test for throat sensation.

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Breast Symmetry

Normal breasts may have slight size differences.

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Breast Skin Condition

Should be smooth and even in color.

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Nipple Alignment

Nipples should be on the same plane.

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Gynecomastia

Enlargement of male breast tissue, medication side effect.

<p>Enlargement of male breast tissue, medication side effect.</p>
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Breast Cancer Risk Factors

Family history increases risk of breast cancer.

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Inframammary Ridge Thickening

Normal change in lower breast with age.

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Postmenopausal Breast Changes

Loss of glandular tissue leads to size decrease.