Corrections Unit 2

Who is Alexander Maconochi?

Superintendent of British penal colony on Norfolk Island.

Created to Mark System

What is the Mark System?

Credits against a sentence that allowed for inmates to be released early- indeterminate sentencing.

What were the 4 stages of the Mark System?

Penal Stage; Associated Stage; Social Stage; Ticket of Leave

Who is Sir Walter Crofton?

Director of Irish Prison System.

What are the 4 stages of the Irish System of Release?

Solitary Confinement; Special Prison; Open Institution; Ticket of Leave

When was the first meeting of the American Prison Association?

1870

Who became superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory in 1876?

Zebulon Brockway

What was the Elmira System?

Created a system of earning privileges among inmates; inmates spent much of their day in education programs and once prisoners demonstrated progress the prison officials had the power to release them.

What are parole guidelines?

Similar to sentencing guidelines, these are used to predict success of offender on parole and risk to the community; introduced to ensure uniformity

What is the salient factor score?

Point determination to use with each inmate to use in parole guidelines and to predict inmate success.

What does the “basic low” classification pertain to?

“Supervision and conditions of parole” require zero contacts per month with at least one positive contact.

What are the two types of parole conditions?

Standard conditions and special conditions

What are the supervision classifications?

Intensive; basic high; basic medium; basic low

What can cause parole being revoked?

Technical or new-crime violations

The parole revocation process includes:

possible stipulated agreement; notice of violation and possible arrest; preliminary revocation hearing; full revocation hearing; reprimand/modification of conditions or return to prison

What did Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973) decide?

Parolees have a limited right to counsel furing revocation proceedings

What are collateral consequences?

Adverse effects on the offender that stem from a criminal conviction but are not included in the sentence.

What are Petersilia’s collateral consequences of imprisonment?

Community cohesion; employment and economic well-being; democratic participation and political alienation; family stabilization and childhood development; mental and physical health; homelessness

When was the Second Chance Act signed into law?

2008

What did the Second Chance Act fund?

Rehabilitative treatment; mentoring programs; drug treatment; education and job training; alternatives to incarceration; programming for children or incarcerated parents; early release of non-violent elderly

What are reentry courts

Specialized courts that use judicial oversight to monitor offenders’ transition to commnity and reduce recidivism

What are a majority of offenders?

Male and minority race

What 4 jurisdictions hold more than 1/3 of all female prisoners?

Texas, Florida, California, and Federal System

What is racial disparity?

Minorities make up a greater percentage of those under incarceration compared to general population.

What are the 3 phenomena that contribute to the aging of America’s prison?

Overall US population is aging; inmates are serving longer sentences; and mandatory sentencing guidelines.

What percentage of the prison population do males make up?

92.5%

What percentage of male inmates are in prison for violent crime?

about 80%

What percent of the prison population do females make up?

7.3%

What are women more likely to be convicted of?

Drug/property offenses

What percent of female inmates have been physically or sexually abused?

60%

What percent of incarcerated women are mothers?

60%

What are parenting programs?

prison programs to assist inmates improve their parenting skills

What is Girl Scouts Beyond Bars?

Girl Scout troops that have their chapter based in a prison so inmates with children can participate as Scout parents.

What gender of inmates has more serious health problems?

Female

What are some factors that hamper provision of health services?

Not a priority; limited financial resources; difficulty recruiting staff; no health-care policy; isolation of institution

Are women over or under classified for women in prison?

Over-classified

What did Barefield v. Leach (1974) decide?

disparity of programs for female inmates could not be justified because the smaller number of female inmates made it more costly to provide program parity.

What did Pargo v. Elliot (1995) decide?

Differences in male and female programs does not necessarily violate equal protection clause;

What are the 5 criteria used to examine whether differences in prisons discriminate against female inmates?

Number of inmates; prison security level, crimes committed by inmates; length of snetence being served; any other special characteristics

What are 2 reasons juvenile violent crime has greatly increased?

Emergence of crack cocaine and violence associated; expansion of juvenile gang membership

What was the Refuge Period?

Period from 1824-1899 where delinquent/neglected children were placed in home for training and discipline; house, train, educate, and provide good habits for children

What was the Juvenile Court Act of 1899?

Established the first juvenile court in Chicago.

What is Parens Patriae?

Giving court authority to take over supervision of the child.

What is deinstitutionalize mean?

Movement to remove juveniles from correctional institutions and place them in community alternatives.

What is Adultification?

Move to make the juvenile justice system act more like the adult system

What is a waiver to adult court?

Due to violent nature of juvenile crime, statutory exceptions allow movement to adult court for criminal processing

Who coined the term superpredator?

Dilulio

What is Superpredator?

Warning about coming generations and the actions of youth who would practive indiscriminate violence on the streets

What are the 2 types of waivers of juvenile offenders?

mandatory waiver and discretionary waiver

What is a dependent child?

Children that have not committed an offense but due to their parents not being in the picture, are put in the system.

What is a neglected child?

Children who do have a parent or guardian but are not being cared for.

What is a delinquent child?

Children that have committed an act that would be considered a crime if they were an adult.

What is the age of original jurisdiction?

The highest age that the juvenile court will have jurisdiction over the youth.

What are the steps in the juvenile justice process?

Juvenile detention; intake; consent decree; referral; adjudicate; order; aftercare.

What is consent decree?

juvenile admits to the offense and agrees to abide by certain terms; sometimes called informal probation

What is aftercare?

supervision of a juvenile in their community after they have served time; similar to parole

What is In re Gault?

require hearings for juveniles who may be committed

What is In re Winship?

Finding of guilt has to meet standard of beyond a reasonable doubt.

What are special offenders?

offenders whose circumstances, conditions, or behaviors require management or treatment outside the normal approach.

What are the 3 methods to transfer juveniles to adult court?

Waiver; direct file (decision made by prosecutor); statutory exclusion

What is blended sentencing?

Judge can choose a wide array of juvenile and adult sanctions

What is straight adult incarceration?

Juveniles placed in adult correctional facilities with no separate housing.

What is graduated incarceration?

Juveniles handled in adult courts are placed in juvenile facilities until they turn 18 and then places in an adult facility.

What is segregated incarceration?

Juveniles handled in adult court are placed in an adult facility, but housed separately and given special programming.

What is the five-part treatment strategy of the Bureau of Prison’s Drug Abuse Program?

Orientation screening and referral; drug abuse education; nonresidential drug treatment services; residential drug abuse treatment; transitional services

What are Antipsychotic Drugs

drugs administered to mentally ill individuals to counteract symptoms of mental illness

What is treatment for mentally ill offenders in prison?

screening inmates at intake for mental health condition; therapy or counseling; psychotropic medications

What are mentally ill offenders expected to maintain after release?

Employments and stay crime-free

What is medical parole?

placing aging or disabled patients in a nursing home or hospital to receive care while still serving sentence.

What percent of adults in state prison are there for violent offenses?

49%

What was developed for violent offenders who were huge threats to inmates and staff?

Supermax Prisons

What is a supermax prisons?

Freestanding or district within other prisons that provide secure control of violent inmates.

What is a sex offender?

Offenders who committed a legally prohibited sexual act

What is a pedophile?

Someone who is sexually attracted to and molests children

Victims of sex offenders characteristics?

white females; 45% are 12 years old or under; over one-third of assaults are by family members

Sex Offender Characteristics?

White; male; average age of arrest was 34; 22% married at time of arrest

What is the containment model in sex offender treatment?

Approach to managing sex offenders that includes treatment to develop internal control over deviant thoughts, supervision and surveillance to control external behaviors, and polygraph examinations to monitor conformance to treatment plans and supervision conditions

What is civil commitment statutes?

Laws designed to continue incarceration of sexual predators even after their maximum criminal sentence; must be judged to have mental abnormality or personality disorder in most jurisdictions

What is the central office or headquarters?

Central organization that oversees state and federal prison

What is the function of the director?

Chief executive officer of the department of corrections; generally oversees central management function

What does the public affairs office do?

Manages media

What does the legislative liaison office do?

Answers legislative requests and builds support for resources

What does a legal advisor do?

Manages inmate lawsuits and handles policies

What does internal affairs do?

Inspector handles allegations by inmates against staff

What is community supervision?

probation or parole; for states that still use indeterminate sentence and parole for release decisions, the parole board is usually located in the department of corrections

What are field operations?

Supervise wardens and implementation of policies

What is the a chief executive officer of the prison typically called?

The warden

What is the highest ranking uniformed officer called?

A major

What are unit managers?

Individual in charge of a unit

What is a case manager?

Social worker or inmate caseworker

What is a correctional counselor do?

Work with inmates on daily issues

How is consistent implementation of a prison policies ensured?

Monitoring policy compliance; policy implementation audit; ACA accreditation

Who and when was the first to develop a classification system?

BOP in the mid-1970s

What is the internal classification system?

Instruments used to assign inmates to housing or programs after they are placed in a particular prison

What is the inmate discipline system?

Policy that clearly prescribes the process required to find that an inmate commited a proscribed act and identifies allowable punishments

What is the administrative appeals process?

Informal process for inmates to appeal a disciplinary sanction or to seek remedy of any other injustice they feel they have received at the hands of correctional officials

What is the integrity interview?

Interviews of candidates for correctional employment used to assess if candidates have issues to put them in compromising positions

What is collective bargaining?

Formal recognition of employee organizations and their right to negotiate with management regarding workplace issues