H Bio CAP

Characteristics of life

potential to Reproduce

React to stimuli

made of 1 or more cells

Adapt and evolve

Grow and/or develop

Gas exchange

Requires energy source

contains genetic info

testable Hypothesis/question

(Do) plants get energy from the sun (?)

Non-testable question/hypothesis

(does) the sun has layers (?)

control group

a group that ensures accurate results and is used to be able to see the effect of the independent variable in comparison to the experimental group. All factors remain the same in this group except for the independent variable.

experimental group

Factors remain the same as well except for the independent variable: but this variable is applied to the group

independent variable

the variable that is changed in order to experiment; (ex. amount of water, color of lighting, change in diet, temperature.)

What to avoid when referring to independent variable?

don't say a specific change that only applies to one group when referring to this variable, (ex. 72 degrees temp, vegetarian diet, nor watering with gatorade) JUST SAY WHAT IS BEING CHANGED BETWEEN BOTH IN GENERAL AND NOT ON ONE.

dependent variable

The variable that shows the outcome; the results of the independent variable on the experiment; Any changed feature as result of what was changed.(ex. Growth as result of the change of fertilizer; the vitality of a plant as result of the lighting)

controlled variable

a factor in an experiment that remains constant

(i.e: in an experiment measuring the effect of light on plants, the ph of the soil and the species of the plant are controlled variables.)

Quantitative Data

numerical data; data made up of measurements or possible to make counts

qualitative data

non-numerical descriptive data

Correlation

relationship between two variables that may indirectly change together over time.

casuation

Cause and effect; when one change in variable causes the other to change. (ex. a increase of a plant's temperature will casuate the growth and life span of the plan

Hypothesis

A prediction or proposed explanation to what will happen, especially to answer a question in the scientific method.

theory

A group of proven propositions made to explain facts or phenomena in the natural world; has to do with trying to answer why and something happens

law

Statements that currently describe and predict a range of phenomena; describes what will happen.

Eyepiece

Contains the ocular lens (10x)

ocular lens

10x

nosepiece

Holds the objectives and can be rotated to change the magnification

objective lenses

4x, 10x, 40x

stage

Supports the slide being viewed

stage clips

Holds the slide in place

coarse focus

Knob that allows you to make major focusing adjustments. (large knob)

fine focus

Knob that allows you to make fine focusing adjustments. (small knob)

why is quantitive data more important?

More precise data adds credibility to the experiment

Difference of Eukaryotic over prokaryotic cells

larger, complex structure, membrane bound organelles, able to be motile, can be multicellular, more chromosomes.

plasma membrane

semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer; each phospholipid consists of one hydrophilic phosphate head and 2 fatty acid lipid hydrophobic tails inside; also contains carrier and channel proteins for facilitated diffusion and to move larger particles.

Nucleus

brain of cell, contains DNA which codes the proteins.

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Ribosomes

protein synthesis; can be free or bound to ER; uses RNA to assemble protein.

Rough ER

part of Endoplasmic Reticulum with Ribosomes attached which makes its use for protein synthesis, transports "domestically" within the cell.

Smooth ER

Part of Endoplasmic Reticulum without Ribosomes attached, making its use for lipid synthesis and storage; transports "domestically" within the cell.

Golgi apparatus

flattened sacs; packages, transports, and temporarily stores proteins inside and out of the cell not domestically; transports cells by pinching and fusing vesicles to and from the golgi and sometimes to the ER as well.

Mithochondrion

membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration takes place

Powerhouse of the cell as it produces ATP; double membrane with a folded inner one called cristae; has own DNA and ribosomes.

Chloroplast

Only found in plant cells; membrane bound with own DNA and ribosomes; contains inner membranous sacs called thylakoids; when stacked stoma; responsible for generating sugars through photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll.

Vacoule

membranous sacs for storage of nutrients, water, and sometimes waste; tend to be larger in plants.

Vesicle

membranous sacs for transporting cellular products and wastes; fuses and pinches off ER and golgi apparatus; motor proteins move them throughout the cytoskeleton.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement and transport; made of 3 parts: microtubules, intermediate filaments; and microfilaments.

Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell; contains digestive enzymes.

Peroxisomes

similar to lysosomes but digest toxins by stripping hydrogen ions off them and holding onto the removed hydrogen peroxide product until it can be disposed

cilium

short, numerous projections that look like hairs made of microtubules; move back and forth to move the cell or "sweep" substances out of the cell.

flagellum

A long, whiplike structure(s) that helps a cell to move

Cell wall

not in animals; outside of the plasma membrane and provides extra protection and rigidity; plants made of cellulose with plasmodesmata..

Differences in plant and animal cells

plants have cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts; animal cells have centrioles

how does the plasma membrane help transport?

Semi-permeable, has proteins which help inpassing larger materials, and uses facilitated diffusion.

passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; type of passive transportation.

Simple diffsuion

Diffusion that doesn't involve a assistance by carrier proteins; passing through the bilayer.

facilitated diffusion

the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins

Osmosis

diffusion of water; movement of water to where there is less water by concentration

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute (not water things) than another solution.

lower concentration of water outside of cell, water moves out, cell shrinks.

Hypotonic

Outside Having more water than the cell, causes water to move inward causing cell to swell.

Isotonic

Having the same solute concentration (water) as another solution.

net water movement

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Na+/K+ pump

Active transporter that moves three Na+ out of a cell and two K+ into the cell against their respective concentration gradients. uses ATP

Endocytosis

when a particle is taken into the cell by the plasma membrane by making it a membrane around it in the form of a vesicle.

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

two types of endocytosis

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?

within the thylakoid membranes

Where do the dark reactions take place?

stroma of the chloroplast

what molecule is mainly responsible for a plant's mass increase over time?

CO2

photosystems

light-collecting units of the chloroplast; protein+chlorophyll

photosystem II

First; makes ATP

photosystem I

First; makes ATP

light-dependent reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light and water to produce ATP and NADPH

-happens in the thylakoid membrane

1.) Light enters through photosystem II and then I by photon being absorbed by chloroplasts within.

2.) Light excites H2O particles which makes them split into in electrons and Hydrogen protons ;O in H2O leaves. (Only happens in photosystem II)

3.) Light also excited these electrons, and causes them to leave and pass through integral proteins; Electrons from H2O replenish this.

4.) Photosystem I receives these electrons and also uses P2 generated supply, and sunlight causes it to work with NADP+ reductase to make NADPH.

5.) Hydrogen protons also split by P1 and light flow to ATP synthase to generate ATP.

Creates Energy- "photo"; products: ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

light-independent (dark) reactions

Calvin-Benson cycle; takes place in stroma

1.) Carbon Fixation: 6 CO2 (◉ each)combine with 6 RuBP (◉◉◉◉◉) with RuBisCo to make 12 PGA (◉◉◉)

2.) Reduction: 12 ATP (2 per CO2 invested) and 12 NADPH turn into 12 ADP and 12 NAD+; this powers the 12 PGA (◉◉◉) to turn into 12 G3P (◉◉◉)

3) Regeneration: of 12 G3P (◉◉◉), 2 G3Ps (has 6 C total) are used to make 1 glucose; other 10 G3P (30 C total) use half of previous ATP (6 in this case) to regenerate 6 RuBP to start cycle again. (◉◉◉◉◉)

synthesis part; uses energy from light reaction plus CO2 to make glucose.

Chloroplast (Parts and Functions)

combustion reaction equation

Fuel+O2--->CO2+H2O

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O2 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)

carbs and oil can be fuel because

they are made of hydrocarbons

cellular respiration

the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food (aerobic and anaerobic)

aerobic respiration

3-4 steps: glycolysis*, link reaction, krebs cycle, ETC

small energy inversion+glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + more energy

Anaerobic vs. Aerobic

small energy inversion+glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + more energy