Lecture Notes Review: Leadership, Ethics, Nephrotic Syndrome, Renal Injury, and Bipolar Disorder

A comprehensive set of vocabulary-style flashcards covering leadership theories and ethical principles, nephrotic syndrome, chronic/acute renal conditions, and bipolar disorder to aid exam prep.

Professional identity

A nurse’s sense of self as a healthcare professional, including values, responsibilities, and commitment to ethical practice.

Leadership

The ability to guide, influence, and motivate others to achieve shared goals.

Management functions

Core activities of management: planning, organizing, directing (leading), and controlling.

Planning

Setting objectives and outlining actions and resources needed to achieve them.

Organization

Arranging resources and tasks in a systematic way to accomplish goals.

Authoritarian leadership

A leadership style where the leader makes decisions with little input from others; often effective in crises but can reduce creativity.

Directing leadership

A leadership style with close supervision and clear instructions, often used when tasks are new or complex.

Democratic leadership

A leadership style that includes group input in decision-making and encourages participation.

ABC Frame (emergency care)

A mnemonic for assessing emergencies: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure.

Stridor

A harsh, high-pitched sound indicating upper airway obstruction.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational theory organizing needs from physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, to self-actualization.

Five Rights of Delegation

Right task, Right circumstance, Right person, Right supervision/evaluation, Right direction/communication.

Autonomy

Respecting a patient’s or client’s right to make their own informed decisions.

Beneficence

Acting in the best interest of the patient; promoting good.

Nonmaleficence

Duty to do no harm to patients.

Fidelity

Faithfulness and keeping promises; loyalty to patients and colleagues.

Justice

Fair and equitable treatment and resource distribution.

Veracity

Truth-telling and honesty in professional practice.

Duties to self

Maintaining one’s own well-being, boundaries, and professional integrity.

ANA Provisions

The American Nurses Association’s ethical standards guiding nursing practice.

Situational leadership

A leadership approach that adapts style to the readiness and needs of followers.

Bureaucratic leadership

A leadership style emphasizing formal rules, procedures, and hierarchical structure.

Authentic leadership

Leading with transparency, ethics, and a strong internal moral compass.

Ethical principles

Foundational values guiding nursing ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, veracity, fidelity).

Evidence-based practice

Clinical practice driven by the best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences.

Nephrotic syndrome

Massive loss of protein in urine due to damaged glomeruli, leading to edema, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia.

Proteinuria

Excess protein in urine, a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome.

Hypoalbuminemia

Low albumin levels in the blood, contributing to edema in nephrotic syndrome.

Edema

Swelling caused by fluid accumulation, often from decreased oncotic pressure in nephrotic syndrome.

Hyperlipidemia

Elevated lipid levels in the blood, commonly seen in nephrotic syndrome.

Prednisone

A corticosteroid used to reduce inflammation and immune response in nephrotic syndrome.

25% albumin IV

Intravenous infusion of albumin at 25% concentration to restore oncotic pressure.

Diuretics (nephrotic syndrome treatment)

Medications that promote urine production to reduce edema.

Statins

Cholesterol-lowering medications used to manage hyperlipidemia.

Ultrasound

Imaging modality used to evaluate kidney structure and detect abnormalities.

Kidney biopsy

A procedure to obtain renal tissue for diagnostic analysis.

Daily abdominal girth

Regular measurement of abdominal circumference to monitor edema and fluid status.

Fluid and sodium restriction

Dietary limits to manage edema and fluid balance in nephrotic syndrome.

Skin protection and infection prevention

Nursing measures to prevent skin breakdown and infections in edema-prone patients.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

A progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function over time.

GFR stages (1-5)

Staging of CKD based on glomerular filtration rate: 1 (mild) to 5 (kidney failure/ESRD).

Uremic signs (neurologic)

Symptoms such as lethargy and tremors from toxin buildup in kidney failure.

Hematuria and proteinuria

Blood and protein in urine, indicating kidney disease.

Pulmonary edema symptoms

Pink, frothy sputum and shortness of breath due to fluid overload.

Hyperkalemia with peaked T waves

Elevated potassium causing characteristic ECG changes (peaked T waves) and risk of dysrhythmias.

Epoetin alfa

A therapy to treat anemia by stimulating red blood cell production.

Calcium carbonate (CKD)

Phosphate binder used to manage hyperphosphatemia in CKD.

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)

Medication to reduce dangerously high potassium levels in CKD.

Dialysis

A treatment that artificially removes waste products and excess fluid when kidneys fail.

Kidney transplant

Surgical replacement of diseased kidneys with a donor organ.

Cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography

Diagnostic procedures to visualize the urinary tract and collect diagnostic information.

KUB, CT, MRI with contrast

Imaging modalities used to evaluate renal anatomy and pathology.

AV fistula for dialysis

Arteriovenous fistula created for reliable access during hemodialysis.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Sudden decline in kidney function due to decreased blood flow, kidney damage, or obstruction.

Prerenal, Intrarenal, Postrenal

AKI categories: prerenal (blood flow issue), intrarenal (kidney tissue damage), postrenal (urinary tract obstruction).

Oliguria and Diuresis

Low urine output (oliguria) vs. increased urine output (diuresis) during AKI stages.

Creatinine and BUN

Laboratory markers of kidney function; elevations indicate impaired filtration.

Hyperkalemia management (calcium gluconate, diuretics, dialysis)

Approaches to protect the heart and lower potassium in renal failure.

Dialysis indications in AKI

Treatment considered when kidney function cannot meet body demands or electrolyte balance fails.

Post-renal obstruction management

Identify and relieve urinary tract obstructions to restore kidney function.

Bipolar disorder

Mood disorder with recurrent episodes of mania and depression.

Bipolar I disorder

Bipolar disorder characterized by at least one manic episode, with or without depressive episodes.

Bipolar II disorder

Bipolar disorder with hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes.

Cyclothymic disorder

Chronic fluctuating mood disturbance with numerous hypomanic and depressive symptoms not meeting full criteria for mania or major depression.

Mania signs and symptoms

Increased talkativeness, high energy, racing thoughts, poor judgement, distractibility.

Depression signs and symptoms

Flat affect, slow speech, lack of energy, anhedonia, hopeless thoughts.

Mood stabilizers (Lithium)

Medications that stabilize mood to prevent manic/depressive episodes.

Atypical antipsychotics

Antipsychotic medications used as part of bipolar treatment to control mood symptoms.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Psychotherapy that helps modify distorted thinking and behavior.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A medical treatment for severe mood disorders using controlled electrical stimulation.

Assertive Community Treatment (ACT)

Intensive, community-based mental health service model supporting individuals with serious mental illness.

Nursing care for bipolar patients

Reduce stimuli, remove dangerous items, maintain safety, set limits, monitor sleep, provide high-protein, high-calorie finger foods, and protect against poor judgement and unsafe behaviors.