Digital Information, Internet, and Programming Flashcards

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on digital information, internet, and programming.

What is digital information?

Data represented in a format suitable for use by computers, discrete and represented in binary (0s and 1s).

What is a bit?

A binary digit, 0 or 1.

What is a byte?

8 bits, commonly used to represent a character.

What is the function of compression?

Reducing the size of digital data.

What is encoding?

Converting data into a format suitable for storage or transmission.

What is sampling?

Converting analog signals (like sound) into digital form.

What is Boolean Logic?

Logical operations using true or false values.

What is a protocol?

A standard set of rules for transmitting data.

What is the smallest unit of digital information?

Bit

How many bits are in a byte?

8

What is ASCII?

A standard system that represents characters using 7 or 8 bits.

What is Unicode?

An encoding standard that supports a wide range of characters from different languages and symbols, often using 16 bits or more.

What is Lossless Compression?

A compression method where no data is lost (e.g., ZIP, PNG).

What is Lossy Compression?

A compression method where some data is discarded to reduce file size (e.g., MP3, JPEG).

What are common data types?

Integers, Floating-Point Numbers, Characters, Boolean

What operations are used in boolean logic?

AND, OR, NOT

What is primary storage?

Temporary memory, such as RAM (Random Access Memory), stores data that the CPU needs quickly while processing.

What is secondary storage?

Long-term storage devices, such as hard drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD), and optical discs (CD/DVD), store large amounts of data permanently or semi-permanently.

What is bandwidth?

The amount of data that can be transmitted in a given time. Measured in bits per second (bps) or multiples (e.g., Mbps, Gbps).

What is the function of HTTP?

Transferring web pages.

What is TCP/IP?

Defines how data is sent over the internet.

What is the internet?

A global network of interconnected computers and devices that allows for communication, data exchange, and access to information.

What is the function of DNS?

Translates domain names (like google.com) into IP addresses.

How does the Internet differ from the World Wide Web?

The Internet is a global system of interconnected networks, while the World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of web pages and resources using HTTP/HTTPS to access web pages.

What is an IP Address?

A unique identifier for a device on the internet.

What is a Packet?

A small unit of data sent over a network.

What is a Router?

A device that directs internet traffic.

What is Latency?

The delay before data transfer begins.

what is a Firewall?

A security system that blocks unauthorized access.

What is cloud computing?

Storing data on remote servers rather than local devices.

What is contained in each data Packet?

Header and Payload

What does it mean when the internet is fault-tolerant?

It can continue functioning even if parts of the network fail.

What is Internet Scalability?

The internet can support an increasing number of users and devices. It uses distributed networking to handle high traffic.

What is the Digital Divide?

The gap between those with and without internet access.

What is Encryption?

Converts information into a code to prevent unauthorized access.

Name some common Cybersecurity Threats

Phishing, Malware, DDoS (Distributed Denial-of-Service) Attacks, Man-in-the-Middle Attacks

What is the purpose of a VPN?

Encrypts internet traffic to ensure privacy and security.

What is an Algorithm?

a set of step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task.

What are the three main control structures in programming?

Sequencing, Conditionals(Selection ), Loops(Iteration )

What are Variables?

Variables store values that can change.

List some Common data types

Integer, Float, Boolean, String, Lists/Arrays

What are Boolean expressions?

Expressions that evaluate to true or false.

What are Logical operators?

&& (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT)

What are Functions?

Reusable blocks of code

What are Lists?

Used to store multiple variables

What are Debugging Strategies?

Print Statements, Watchers, Check Logic, Test in Small Steps, Use AI