Oceanology Notes Review

Flashcards created to aid in reviewing the concepts of oceanology based on the provided lecture notes.

Sea water is composed of __% H2O and __% salt.

96.5% H2O, 3.5% salt

Dihydrogen oxide is another name for __.

Water (H2O)

A __ bond involves the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms.

Covalent

The angle between oxygen and the two hydrogen atoms in a water molecule is __ degrees.

109.5 degrees

A water molecule experiences a dipole moment because it has a ____end and an ___ end.

negative end, positive end

The _____ of water refers to the amount of heat needed to raise its temperature.

specific heat capacity

In the presence of acids, a water solution contains an excess of __ ions.

hydrogen (H+) ions

A water solution that contains an excess of hydroxyl ions, OH-, is called a __.

Base

The phase change of water from gas to liquid is known as __.

Condensation

The capacity of water to absorb heat is related to its __ bonds.

Hydrogen

The __ of water molecules changes as temperature changes, affecting freezing and boiling points.

Density

At __ degrees Celsius, pure water reaches its maximum density.

4 degrees Celsius

The principle of constant proportions states that the relative proportions of salts in ocean water remain __.

Constant

Increased salinity in water results in __ freezing and boiling points.

Increased boiling point, decreased freezing point

The __ Zone refers to the region in the ocean where light penetrates to a maximum depth of about 1000 meters.

Photic Zone

The __ is a zone of rapid change in density with depth in the ocean.

Pycnocline

Sound travels fastest in water at higher __, lower salinity, and greater pressure.

Temperature

The __ effect describes the apparent deflection of objects due to Earth's rotation.

Coriolis

Water that has frozen is __ than the liquid form because of its specific structure.

Less dense

The __ of a substance in the ocean is the time required to replace the amount present.

Residence Time

The ocean's ability to hold gases increases with temperature and salinity.

Decreasing temperature, decreasing salinity

Ionic bond

opposite but equal charges

• Ex: NaCl

Diploe molecule

molecule with (+) and (-) end

ions

electrically charged atoms because of an excess or deficit of electrons.

Hydrogen bond

attraction between positive end of one molecule to negative end of the other

Acid

water solution that contains an excess of hydrogen ions, H⁺

Base

water solution that contains an excess of hydroxyl ions, OH

Evaporation/Boiling

liquid to gas

unstructured water

molecules independent of each other and not held together by H-bonds

• temperature at or greater than 100^oC

• pressure equal or greater than 1000 atmospheres

structured water

H-bonds cause most water molecules to form hexagons (six sided) aggregates of water

Dynamic equilibrium

members of aggregate keeps changing but aggregate form remains the same.

Sensible heat

causes a change in temperature that can be felt as warmer or cooler

Latent heat

energy or heat required to break the gravitational attraction and hydrogen bonds holding adjacent water molecules together.

Calorie

amount of heat (energy) required to raise temperature of 1 gm liquid H₂0 1⁰C

• 50 calories will raise 50 grams of water one degree centigrade or will raise 1 gram of water 50⁰C

latent heat of freezing/metling

80 calories/gram

latent heat of condensation/vaporization

540 calories/gram

Density

Mass/volume

Density stratified system of fluids

arrangement of fluids such that the lighter fluids are at the top and heavier at the bottom.

• occurs when material flows and more dense substance sinks and pushes less dense material upward.

pure water

reaches maximum density at 4 degrees C.

• at this energy there is little motion pushing molecules apart and so the molecules are closer together, but too much motion to allow most molecules to form aggregates where they would be farther apart.  

residence time

time required to completely replace the amount of a substance in the sea.

• assumes dynamic equilibrium or steady state condition where rate of removal equals rate of replacement.

• R.T= Amount Substance in Ocean/Rate of Removal

principle of constant proportions

determines the amount of one salt ion, can make good estimate of all of the salts present in a sample based on the concept that seawater has a consistent ratio of major salts, regardless of salinity.

chlorinity

amount of chlorine (only) in gm/kg sea water expressed as ppt (parts per thousand) or o/oo

• now based electrical conductivity; higher salt content, greater electrical conductivity

Salinity

total amount of all salts dissolved in sea water

• is equal to 1.80655x chlorinity