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What are the data types in Excel and their default alignment?
Text: Left-aligned
Numbers: Right-aligned
Date/Time: Right-aligned
Boolean: Center-aligned
What does 'Raw Data' refer to?
Unprocessed and unorganized data directly collected from sources.
List the characteristics of Raw Data.
Uncleaned, unstructured, and often incomplete; lacks specific meaning until organized or analyzed.
What is the difference between Raw Data and Processed Data?
Raw Data is unprocessed and disorganized, whereas Processed Data is organized and ready for analysis.
Define 'Variable' in the context of data.
A characteristic or property that can take on different values or categories.
What is an 'Element' in data analysis?
An object on which a measurement is taken, representing the 'who' or 'what' in the data.
What is an 'Observation' in a data set?
The set of values recorded for a particular element.
Define 'Data Set'.
A collection of observations on one or more variables, structured in rows and columns.
What is a 'Population' in research terms?
All elements in a data set are included.
Differentiate between finite and infinite populations.
Finite populations are countable, while infinite populations are uncountable.
What is a 'Sample' in statistical analysis?
A subset drawn from the population to represent the whole.
Name the types of Probability Sampling.
Simple random, systematic, cluster, stratified.
What is 'Categorical Data'?
Values dissolved into groups or categories, typically expressed non-numerically.
Define 'Quantitative Data'.
Data that can be counted or measured and expressed with numbers.
List the benefits of Categorical Data.
Provides insights into population interactions.
What should be considered for good spreadsheet modeling?
Keep it simple, logical structure, use visual aids, and consistent formatting.
What are some basic functions in Excel?
=SUM(), =MIN(), =MAX(), =AVERAGE(), =COUNT().
Define 'Data Visualization'.
The graphical representation of information and data using visual elements.
What is the purpose of Data Summarization?
Essential for insightful decision-making.
What is a 'Histogram'?
A visualization that shows frequency distribution of numeric data.
Explain 'Box Plots'.
Visualizations that display five-number summary and outliers.
What is 'Sentiment Analysis' used for?
Classifies text as positive, negative, or neutral.
Define 'Gantt Chart'.
A visualization that shows project schedules and tasks over time.
What is the purpose of sorting data in Excel?
Arranges data alphabetically, numerically, or by date.
Explain 'Pivot Tables' functionality.
Summarizes and analyzes large datasets quickly.
What is 'VLOOKUP' used for?
Finds and retrieves data from specific rows and columns.
How does 'Random Sampling' work?
Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
What is 'Regression Analysis'?
Determines the precise relationship between variables.
What does the function =CORREL() do?
Calculates the correlation between two variables.
Explain the importance of 'Conditional Formatting'.
Visually highlights data based on specific conditions.
What indicates a positive correlation between two variables?
One variable increases as the other increases.
What does the function =AVERAGE() compute?
Calculates the average or mean.
Note 
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