marine bio 3 and 4 extended

What is Salinity? What is considered normal Salinity? What might cause Salinity to be high in an area? What might cause Salinity to be low in an area?

What is Salinity?

• Definition: Amount of dissolved salt in water.

• Normal Ocean Salinity: ~35 ppt (parts per thousand).

• High Salinity Causes: Evaporation, little freshwater input.

• Low Salinity Causes: Rainfall, river input, melting ice.

List and describe the 4 organic building blocks of life

• Carbohydrates – Provide energy (sugars).

• Proteins – Build and repair tissues.

• Lipids – Store energy; make up cell membranes.

• Nucleic Acids – Carry genetic information (DNA/RNA).

Contrast Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

photosynthesis builds glucose and oxygen from CA and water, cellular respiration breaks down glucose using oxygen to released stored energy as ATP, CA and water within mitochondria

In 3 or more ways, list and contrast 2 types of cells

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, pro no nucleus, euro yes nucleus, pro small, euro large, pro no organelles, euko many

List and describe 5 organelles

• Nucleus – Stores DNA; control center.

• Mitochondria – Produces energy (ATP).

• Ribosomes – Makes proteins.

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – Transports proteins/lipids.

• Golgi Apparatus – Packages and ships proteins.

What are the levels of organization in Biology

• Cell – Basic unit of life

• Tissue – Group of similar cells

• Organ – Group of tissues with a function

• Organ System – Organs working together

• Organism – Individual living thing

• Population – Same species in an area

• Community – All species in an area

• Ecosystem – Community + non-living factors

• Biosphere – All life on Earth

List and describe 2 ways marine organisms regulate internal salinity

• Salt Glands – Remove excess salt (e.g., sea birds, sea turtles).

• Osmoregulation – Active control of salt and water balance (e.g., marine fish use kidneys and gills).

List and describe 2 ways marine organisms regulate internal temperature

• Blubber/Insulation – Marine mammals use fat layers to keep warm (e.g., whales).

• Behavioral Adjustments – Moving to deeper or warmer waters as needed.

List and describe 2 ways marine organisms do sexual reproduction

1. Broadcast Spawning – Eggs and sperm are released into the water to fertilize externally (e.g., corals, sea urchins).

2. Internal Fertilization – Sperm is deposited inside the female's body (e.g., sharks, dolphins).

List and describe 2 ways marine organisms do asexual reproduction

• Budding

  • A small part of the parent grows into a new individual.

  • Example: Corals and some sponges reproduce this way.

• Fragmentation

  • A piece of the organism breaks off and grows into a new organism.

  • Example: Sea stars and some types of algae.

Describe a marine Bio situation of Natural selection

A process where individuals with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more, passing those traits on. Barnacles with thicker shells survive better

What is Phylogeny? Why is it now considered Phylogenetics?

• Phylogeny: The evolutionary history and relationships of organisms.

• Phylogenetics: A modern version that uses DNA and data to build evolutionary trees more accurately. Advances in genetics and technology made it possible to compare DNA, leading to more precise classifications.