unit 8 cold war 4,5

Mao Zedong

1893-1976 / ruled 1949-1976.

• leader of Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

• Overthrew Nationalists

• Established People’s Republic of China

• started Great Leap Forward

• redistributed land to peasants through mass collectivization of agriculture

  • more peaceful compared to Stalin’s attempt because the CCP had already built trust with peasants during civil war

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

• central leader for Vietnamese independence against French and Japanese colonial/occupational rule

• inspired by nationalism, Marxism

• President of Democratic Republic of VN

Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia)

Ethiopian military officer → head of Ethiopia state

• advocated for radical social/economic reforms

• convert country to Marxism-Leninism with Soviet and Cuban support

• authoritarian, brutal, suppressed dissent

• Red Terror: state sponsored violence period

• later overthrown and fled to Zimbabwe

Muhammad Reza Pahlavi (Iran)

Lead White Revolution in Iran

Last Shah of Iran - overthrown by Islamic Revolution

• modernization and social reform

• socialist influence, land reform, social welfare programs

• autocratic rule, forced Westernization, economic disparity, people discontent

Communism in China

Communism in Vietnam

Land reform in Kerala +other Indian states

White Revolution (Iran)

Born from Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1860s

• described the reforms in Iran

• modernization and social reform

• socialist influences and land reform, social welfare programs

• oil revenue funded ambitious projects

• very top-down, authoritarian, corrupt, repressed

→ social unrest → Iranian Revolution of 1979

Indian National Congress

Indian Independence

Muslim League

Kwame Nkrumah (Gold Coast)

Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)

Gold Coast

French West Africa

Algeria from French empire

Angola from Portuguese empire

Quebecois separatist movement (Canada)

Biafra secessionist movement (Nigeria)

Land redistribution

breakup of large agricultural holdings for redistribution among peasants

• key policy used by communist and nationalist govs to shift land ownership from wealthy to peasants too

• aimed to reduce inequality, increase production, gain political support

Examples:

• China and Mao Zedong, Cuba and Fidel Castro, Vietnam, Iran’s White Revolution, India in Kerala

Effects:

• resistance, inefficiencies, bad production and famine (China)

• some successes, equity, growing economics (Kerala)

collectivization

forced consolidation of individual peasant farms into state-run collective farms

• aim to modernize agriculture, support rapid indust, increase food to feed industrial workers, eliminate private property, control peasantry

Soviet Union - Stalin’s 5 Years Plan

• famine, Holodomor

China - Great Leap Forward

• at first more peaceful bc of trust built during civil war

• still led to major famines

Mahatma Gandhi

important leader of Indian Independence

• advocated for satyagraha

  • nonviolent resistance

  • civil disobediance

Nelson Mandela

Ahmed Ben Bella (Alferia)

Leader of Algerian indpendence

Apartheid

Pan-africanism

Great Leap Forward

started by Mao Zedong - aimed to

• bring economy under state control

• rapidly industrialize through development of heavy industry

• focus on rural areas (different from Soviet’s 5 Years Plan as they focused on urban areas)

• poor production of goods in rural areas

• lead to famine that killed 20-50 million