Microbiology Unit 3

innate, adaptive

what are the two types of immune defenses/responses?

nonspecific, surface, internal

the innate defenses have a quick response and are —, they exist as — barriers and — defenses

skin, mucosal, broken

surface barriers include — and — membranes; if bacteria are getting across, the barrier must be broken

inflammation, fever

internal defenses include phagocytes, NK cells, —, antimicrobial proteins, and —

7-10, specific, memory, humoral, cellular

the adaptive defenses take a much longer time to respond (#-# days), they are highly — and retain — of previous infections, include — immunity and — immunity

B cells

humoral immunity constitutes of - — that produce antibodies

T cells

cellular immunity constitutes of - — that regularly involve cell-to-cell contact

prevent, pathogen, pathogen

there are 3 goals of innate immune protection: — entry, detect —, eliminate —

antimicrobial

to prevent pathogen entry — substances are made by cells found at body surfaces

pattern recognition receptors, complement

the innate immune system detects invaders by — — — (PPRs) and use the — system (serum proteins)

interferon, inflammatory

the innate immune system eliminates invaders by — response (antiviral), phagocytosis, complement activation, — response, fever

physical, antimicrobial, microbiota

innate first-line defenses (3): — barriers, — substances, normal —

keratin, dermis, digestive, respiratory

physical barriers include skin/epidermis (— filled dead cells) junctions between cells — (dense irregular connective tissue), and mucus membranes in the — and — tract

lysosome, lactoferrin, positively

antimicrobial substances (skin/mucosal membranes): — degrade PGN, — are iron-binding protein, antimicrobial peptides (15-20 AA) some are — charged causing lysis of bacteria

immune

the normal microbiota are the microbes that live with us and are NOT part of the — system

hematopoiesis

formation and development of blood cells in bone marrow

granulocytes

immune cells that contain granules of antimicrobial substances

neutrophils

granulocytes that have granules with enzymes and antimicrobial substances

eosinophils

granulocytes effective in tissues (allergy) and against parasites

basophil

granulocyte effective against parasitic infection

Dendritic cells

— — involved in phagocytic activation of adaptive immune system

lymphocytes

B cells and T cells are —

cytokines

cell communication proteins

chemokines

subgroup of cytokines, cause chemotaxis

CSF (colony-stimulating factor)

differentiation of leukocytes

IFNs (interferons)

antiviral cytokines

TNF (tumor necrosis factor)

kills tumor cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine

invasion

PRRs allow body to sense microbial/microbe —

specific, surfaces, phagosomes

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are PRRs that recognize — microbial components and are found on cell — and in —/endosomes

cytoplasm

Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and RLRs are PRRs that detect cell damage and microbial components in the cell —

IFN

PRR activation leads to — response (limits viral spread)

save, iAVP, infected, lysis

IFN does not — cells but it alerts other cells → alerted cells produce — which will not activate until the cell is — by the virus → cell —

serum, antibodies, inactive, cleavage,

the complement system is made of — proteins that support the action of —; they are produced as — proteins that require — to be activated, effector function

3, convertase

the complement system has # pathways of activation; all converge to the formation of C3 —

C3a, C5a

— and — combine to form an inflammatory response that attracts phagocytes and increases vascular permeability

C3b, C5b, MAC

— and — combine to form a — that causes cell lysis

C3b

— alone will coat the microbe to make it visible to the immune system

chemotaxis, recognition, engulfment, maturation, digestion, exocytosis

steps of phagocytosis (6): —, — and attachment, —, phagosome — and phagolysosomes, destruction and — of bacteria, —

chemotaxis

recruitment of phagocytes to the infection, microbial products, injured host cells, chemokines

microbial ligands, C3b

recognition and detection can be direct through — — or indirect through —

endocytosis

engulfment occurs via — of bacteria and development of phagosome

acidic

a maturing phagosome grows more — which creates an antimicrobial environment

contain, local, function

the goals of an inflammatory response is to: — the site of damage, produce — inflammation, eliminate pathogens, and restore tissue —

blood flow, histamine, neutrophils, macrophages

an inflammatory response to a cut involves increased — — leading to fluid accumulation, and increased blood vessel diameter due to — release, — are the first phagocytes recruited to the area → phagocytic cell destroy and remove invaders and — ingest dead cells and debris

antigen

any molecule that will react with TCR, BCR, or Abs

adaptive, T, thymus

Dendritic cells from the innate immune response activates the — immune response by activating naive — cells developing in the —

capable

naive adaptive immune cells are fully — of responding but haven’t yet interacted with pathogen

cytotoxic, apoptosis, CD8

T_c cells are — T cells that activate — in infected self cells, they are — presenting

helper, cytokines, B, CD4

T_H cells are — cells that deliver — to macrophages to boost their phagocytic ability and to — cells to initiate their development, they express —

bone marrow, plasma, T_H, Abs

B cells develop in — — and are developed into — cells by initiation from — cells → produce lots of —

peripheral tolerance

occurs after B and T cells mature to ensure that they are not self-reacting

central tolerance

as lymphocytes mature if they recognize a self-antigen apoptosis is initiated

dendritic, TCR

on a T cells, — cells present Ag to T cell, recognition of antigen occurs at the antigen-binding site of the —

BCRs, Fc, Fab, degranulation

on a B cell, there are lots of —, the — portion is in the cytoplasmic membrane while the — region has the Ag-binding site, recognition of an Ag leads to — of the B cell

complement system activation, opsonization, cross-linking, ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, immobilization and prevention of adherence, neutralization

what are the 6 results of Ab-Ag binding? (COCAIN) — — —, —, —, — — — — ,— and — of —, —

complement, Fc, classical

complement system activation: antibody coats bacteria → — binds to the — portion of Ab → — complement pathway activated → formation of MAC

phagocyte

opsonization: Ab coats bacteria → — recognition → bacterial degredation

identical, Ab-Ag

cross-linking: arms of Ab bind to separate but — antigens forming an — - complex that is phagocytosed

virus infected, NK

antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): antibodies bind to — — cell → identified by a — cell → apoptosis

flagellum/pili

immobilization and prevention of adherence: Ab bind to —/— to prevent bacterial movement

toxin

neutralization: Ab coats — or virus blocking them from binding to a host cell

memory

— cells are the basis of vaccines

specific, proliferation, effector, memory

clonal selection theory: the ideal that the immune system encounters a — antigen → only lymphocytes with specific recognition undergo — → differentiation occurs as some B cells become — cells to make Abs and some become — cells

antigen, internalizes, peptide, 2, T_H, cytokine, anergic, apoptosis

B cell activation: B cell binds to — → B cell — antigen → B cell degrades antigen into — fragments → fragments are presented on MHC class # molecules then either

1. microbial antigen presentation: B cell expansion occurs as — cell recognizes antigen fragment and activates B cell by delivering — to it forming a plasma cell

2. harmless antigen presentation: peripheral tolerance occurs as no T_H cell recognizes ag fragment → B cell becomes — → low-responsiveness → —

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE

what are the 5 classes of antibodies?

pentamer, blood, abundant, dimer, IgM, basophils, mast, parasite, allergy

IgM can form a — and is used in early B cell secretions, good at getting — infections; IgG is the most — serum Ab and is most prominent during a secondary response; IgA is the most abundant nonserum antibody, it is a — at mucosal surfaces; IgD is often expressed with — and is part of development and maturation of Abs; IgE is bound by Fc receptors on — and — cells and causes degranulation in response to — infection and —

lymph

the adaptive immune system primary response occurs in the germinal centers of secondary — organs

affinity, class

a primary response consists of — maturation and — switching

multiply, mutations, effectively

affinity maturation is when naive B cells recognize antigen and then —, during replication spontaneous — occur in Ab genes → might lead to slight changes in Ag-binding site → B cells that most — bind Ag are selected to become plasma cells

IgM, Ab, IgG, IgA

class switching: B cells initially produce —, as they multiply they switch — class (this is done by cutting out class DNA before the existing class); B cells in lymph switch to —, B cells in mucosal tissues switch to —

IgM, IgG

primary response to antigen exposure first low — levels are released then — is produced

rapid

secondary response is — and more intense due to subsequent Ag exposure because of memory B cells

MHC

T cells do not interact with free antigen, they require presentation of Ag via — from DCs

CD4, MHC2

helper T cells have — receptors that recognize Ag on —

CD8, MHC1

killer T cells have — receptors that recognize Ag on —

nucleated, MHC1, Tc

all — cells present endogenous Ags on — molecules which is recognized by — cells

macrophages, MHC2, Th

B cells, — and DCs present exogenous antigens on — molecules which is recognized by — cells

MHC2, macrophages, basophils

when a macrophage has phagocytosed material it presents particles on — for T_H cells activate — and cytotoxic T cells, they recruit eosinophils, —, and neutrophils, and they enhance B cell responses

antibody

Natural killer cells have — dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity meaning if antibodies are present NK cells will kill the cell they are attached to

MHC1, apoptosis

cells that do not express — due to viral blocking are targeted by NK cells and undergo —

1-2

between ages # and # the human microbiome begins to fully develop

trillion

in a human adult microbiome there are about 100 — microbes

mutualism

a symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit, can be found in the human microbiome, in large and small intestinal bacteria

commensalism

symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits and the other is unharmed, this can be found on the skin

parasitism

an organismal relationship where one organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other

infection, cancer, tolerance, digestion

some benefits of the human microbiome is that it protects against — and —, promotes immune —, aids in —, and produces substances that are important for human health

competing, binding, nutrients, pathogens, adaptive

the microbiome protects against infection and cancer by — for space, covering — sites on cells, consuming — and producing toxins that damage — and stimulate the — immune response

autoimmunity, hygine

the microbiome promotes immune tolerance by promoting self/—, follows the — hypothesis (the idea that you need to be sufficiently exposed to a certain number of microbes to prevent allergies and (« prev)

energy

microbes aid in digestion by allowing the body to extract more — from food

k

the microbiome produces substances that are important for human health like vilamin —

colonization

establishment and growth of a microbe

infection

parasitic relationship between microbe and host

subclinical infection

no symptoms/does not lead to illness, immune system takes care of it before you become symptomatic

infectious disease

infection that leads to disease (prevents normal body function)

primary infection

initial infection

secondary infection

all additional infections with a specific microbe

incubation, growth, infectious

— period: introduction of microbe to host → onset of symptoms; impacted by — rate of pathogen, condition of host, number of — cells or virons

illness

signs and symptoms of disease are evident

covalescence

recovery from disease

acute

illness is short term because the pathogen is eliminated by the host defenses, person is usually immune to reinfection