Chapter 18 Lecture Notes - Circulatory System

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the circulatory system lecture notes.

Circulatory System Functions

Transportation, regulation, and protection within the body.

Transportation (Blood)

Delivers oxygen and nutrients, removes metabolic wastes, transports hormones.

Regulation (Blood)

Maintains body temperature and normal pH levels in tissues.

Protection (Blood)

Prevents blood loss through clotting and infection through WBCs, antibodies, and cytokines.

Blood pH

Slightly basic, ranging from 7.35 to 7.45.

Blood Volume (female; male)

4-5; 5-6 liters

Blood Components

Liquid plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets).

Hematocrit

Percentage of RBCs out of total blood volume (normally 42-47%).

Blood Plasma Composition

About 90% water, contains proteins (albumin, globulins, clotting proteins), organic nutrients, electrolytes, and respiratory gases.

Viscosity

Resistance of a fluid to flow, whole blood is 4.5 to 5.5 times as viscous as water.

Osmolarity of Blood

Total concentration of dissolved particles that cannot pass through a blood vessel wall.

Formed Elements

Erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and platelets.

Hematopoiesis

Process of creating formed elements in the blood.

Erythrocytes Functions

Carry oxygen from lungs to tissues and pick up carbon dioxide from tissues.

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Molecule consisting of four protein chains (globins) and four heme groups that binds oxygen for transport. 1 iron atom in each heme group, enabling oxygen binding.

Erythropoiesis

RBC production, about 1 million RBCs are produced per second.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone from kidneys that stimulates erythrocyte production.

Iron Role in RBC Production

Required for hemoglobin synthesis, obtained from diet.

Polycythemia

Excess of RBCs, increasing blood volume, pressure, and viscosity.

Anemia

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

Sickle-Cell Disease

Hereditary defect causing rigid, sticky RBCs due to modified hemoglobin (HbS).

Leukocytes Function

Protect against infectious microorganisms and pathogens.

Granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes and monocytes.

Leukopenia

Low WBC count, increasing risk of infection.

Leukocytosis

High WBC count, often due to infection or disease.

Antigens

Molecules on the surface of the cell membrane that activate an immune response.

Antibodies

Proteins secreted by plasma cells as part of the immune response.

Agglutination

Cell clumping casued by antibody molecule binding to antigens, can happen in mismatched blood transfusions, and can block small blood vessels, hemolyze, and release their hemoglobin.

ABO Blood Types

Determines by presence or absence of antigens A and B on RBCs.

Rh Factor

Presence or absence of Rh D agglutinogens on RBCs, determines Rh+ or Rh- blood type.

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN)

Occurs when Rh- mother has antibodies and is pregnant with Rh+ child.

RhoGAM

Given to pregnant Rh- women to prevent formation of anti-D antibodies.

Hemostasis

Cessation of bleeding, involving vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting.

Platelets

Fragments of megakaryocytes that play a role in hemostasis.

Vascular Spasm

Vasoconstriction of a broken vessel to reduce blood loss.

Platelet Plug Formation

Platelets stick to exposed collagen at the site of vessel damage and form a plug.

Coagulation

Conversion of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads to form a clot.

Coagulation Pathways

Extrinsic (like a cut, factors released by damaged tissues, faster) and intrinsic (inside body like damage to blood vessel wall, initiated by platelets, slower) pathways leading to activation of clotting factors.

Hemophilia

Hereditary disease characterized by deficiencies of clotting factors.

neutrophils

most numerous, bacteria killers, good phagocytes

eosinophils

involved in allergic reactions and combating parasitic infections

basophils

release histamine during allergic reactions and inflammation, contributing to the inflammatory response

lymphocytes

type of white blood cell involved in adaptive immunity, includes B cells (specific when activated) and T cells (direct)

monocytes

large white blood cells that differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells, ingest viruses, good phagocyte