NATURE OF CLINICAL LABORATORY (QUIZ)

Primary and Tertiary Laboratory

Primary and Tertiary Laboratory

Complete blood count and routine urinalysis are performed in

DOH

government agency responsible for the licensing and monitoring of clinical laboratories in the Philippines

RA 4688

law that governs the operation, registration, and maintenance of clinical laboratories in the Philippines

AO 59 S. 2001

Rules and Regulations of RA 4688

Clinical Pathology

Clinical Chemistry, Medical Microbiology, Hematology, and Coagulation Studies are sections that comprise

ABO and Rh blood typing

which of the following is laboratory testing performed in a non-hospital-based secondary clinical laboratory

Private-owned

Makati Medical Center, St. Luke’s Medical Center, MCU-FDTMP Hospital are examples, according to ownership, of:

Tissue processing for microscopic examination

which of the following are activities performed in Anatomic Pathology?

Ensure reliability of test results

the primary responsibilities of a medical technologist in a clinical laboratory is to

Working conditions of equipment and instruments, quality of test reagents, controls and standards used during the testing proper

variables or possible sources of errors in the analytic phase of laboratory testing cycle include

Primary - Clinical Microscopy

➢ Urinalysis ➢ Fecalysis ➢ Fecal Occult Blood Test ➢ Pregnancy Test (rapid test kits – lateral flow) ➢ Wet Smear for Trichomonas

Primary - Clinical Chemistry

➢ Fasting and Random Blood Sugar ➢ Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ➢ Lipid Profile (Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides) ➢ Creatinine ➢ Blood Urea Nitrogen ➢ Blood Uric Acid

Primary - Hematology

➢ Complete Blood Count: Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Red Blood Cell Count, White Blood Cell Count with Differential Count, Quantitative Platelet Count ➢ Forward and reverse ABO grouping and Rh (D) typing (tube method)

Primary - Serology/Immunology

➢ Dengue ➢ Syphilis ➢ Hepatitis B ➢ HIV (Screening) Using Rapid Test Kits

Primary - Microbiology

➢ TB (DSSM) or Nucleic Acid Amplification Test – for government facilities

Secondary - Clinical Chemistry

➢ Serum Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride ➢ ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) ➢ AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)

Secondary - Hematology

➢ Hospital-based: Coagulation studies (PT: Prothrombin Time Test, aPTT: Activates Partial Thromboplastin Clotting Time)

Secondary - Microbiology

➢ Gram Stain ➢ KOH (Potassium Hydroxide)

Secondary - Anatomic Pathology

➢ Pap smear

Tertiary - Clinical Chemistry

➢ Hospital-based: Arterial Blood Gases

Tertiary - Serology/Immunology

➢ Any machine-based serological and immunological testing such as, but not limited to: o Tumor markers o Thyroid function tests o Hepatitis profile

Tertiary - Microbiology

➢ Culture and sensitivity (aerobic and anaerobic)

Tertiary - Anatomic Pathology

➢ Hospital-based: Cytology and Histopathology

Specialized

➢ Hormones ➢ Trace metals ➢ Tumor markers ➢ Allergy panel ➢ Kato Katz for Schistosomiasis ➢ Malarial Smear ➢ Filaria Smear ➢ Slit-skin Smear ➢ Rapid Plasma Reagin for Syphilis

Any person found violating the provision of RA 4688

BHFS shall suspend, cancel or revoke license

Person without license operating in laboratory

Imprisonment of 1 month-1 year or fine of P1000-P5000 or both

Clinical laboratory operating without valid license

Closure issued by DOH shall not be rendered ineffective by any restraining order

Clinical Chemistry

➢ Testing of blood and other body fluids for diagnosis of certain diseases

Clinical Chemistry

➢ Fasting blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin (diabetes), total cholesterol (High- and low-density lipoprotein), triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen, blood uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, electrolytes, clinical enzymology, thyroid-stimulating hormones (T3&T4), estrogen, prolactin & testosterone

Microbiology

➢ Identification of bacteria and fungi

Bacteriology, mycobacteriology, mycology, virology

4 sections of microbiology

Microbiology

➢ Microscopic visualization of microorganisms after staining, isolation, identification of bacteria and fungi using varied culture media and different biochemical tests ➢ Preparation of culture and media stains, quality assurance and control, infection control, and biosafety and proper waste disposal

Hematology and Coagulation Studies

➢ Enumeration of cells in the blood and other body fluids

Coagulation studies

focus on blood testing for the determination of various coagulation factors

Hematology and Coagulation Studies

➢ CBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC differential count, red cell morphology and cell indices, quantitative platelet count, total cell count, differential count, blood smear preparation, and staining for other body fluids

Clinical Microscopy

➢ First area – allotted to routine and other special examinations of urine ➢ Second area – assigned to the examination of stool or routine fecalysis

First area of Clinical Microscopy

allotted to routine and other special examinations of urine

Second area of Clinical Microscopy

assigned to the examination of stool or routine fecalysis

Macroscopic examinations in Clinical Microscopy

determine color, transparency, specific gravity, pH level

Microscopic examinations in Clinical Microscopy

detect presence of abnormal cells and/or parasites, quantify RBC & WBC and other chemicals found in urine

Clinical Microscopy

Detection and identification of parasitic worms and ova

Blood Bank / Immunohematology

➢ Most critical section

Blood Bank / Immunohematology

➢ Blood typing, compatibility testing, screening for all antibodies and identification of antibodies and blood components used for transfusion ➢ Blood donation activities – donor recruitment & screening, bleeding of donor, post-donation care

Immunology and Serology

➢ Analyses of serum antibodies in certain infection agents

Immunology and Serology

➢ Hepatitis B profile tests, serological tests for syphilis, tests for hepatitis C and dengue

Histopathology / Cytology

➢ Histopathology – study of diseased cells ➢ Cytology – examination of a single cell type

Histopathology / Cytology

➢ Tissue processing, cutting into sections, staining and preparations for microscopic examinations

Immunohistochemistry

➢ Combines anatomical, clinical and biochemical techniques where antibodies bounded to enzymes and fluorescent dyes are used to detect presence of antigens in the tissue

Immunohistochemistry

➢ Diagnosis of some types of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, assessing the response of patients to cancer therapy

Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

➢ Using different enzymes and other reagents, DNA & RNA are identified and sequenced to detect any pathological conditions / disease processes

Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

➢ Polymerase Chain Reaction