ap hugs all unit

changes taking place in the spatial distribution of the population

the development of a child's spatial awareness (= the ability to judge the positions and sizes of objects)

1.1- Absolute Location

the precise point where a place is located on Earth

Ex: GPS Coordinates of a restaurant

1.1- Relative Location

where a place is located in relation to another place

1.2/1.3- geographic information system (GIS)

a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data

1.4- place

specific human and physical characteristics of a location

1.7- region

a group of places on Earth with similar human and/or physical features

1.4- site

The characteristics of a place (immediate location), Ex: soil type, climate, labor force, human structures

1.4- situation

the location of a place relative to other places and its surroundings

1.4- toponym

place name

1.4- Time-Space Compression

the shrinking of time distance between locations because of improved methods of transportation

1.4- distance decay

decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

1.5- human-environment interaction

connection and exchange between humans and the natural world

1.5- environmental determinism

the idea that human behavior and development is controlled by the physical environment

1.5- possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

1.6- scale

the ratio between the size of things in the real world and the size of those same things on a map

1.7- Formal region (or uniform or homogeneous region)

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics

1.2/1.3- GPS (global positioning system)

a system that determines accurately the precise position of something on Earth through satellites, tracking stations, and receivers

1.2/1.3- remote sensing

process of gathering data about Earth from instruments far above the planet's surface

1.6- spatial analysis

The analysis of geographic data about a certain place.

1.4- friction of distance

when things are farther apart, they tend to be less well connected

1.1- distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

1.2/1.3- spatial data

All of the information that can be tied to a specific locations.

1.6- Relative Scale (scale of analysis)

the amount of territory that a map represents ex: global scale means the entire planet

1.1- Reference Maps

Maps designed for people to refer to for general information about places

1.1- political map

A map that shows man-made features such as boundaries, countries, and cities.

1.1- physical map

a map that shows natural features such as mountains, rivers and deserts

1.1- choropleth map

uses various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location and distribution of data

1.1- thematic map

a map that shows a particular theme, or topic

1.1- Dot Distribution Map

A map where dots are used to demonstrate the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena

1.1- Isoline Map

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.

1.1- Cartogram Map

the sizes of countries are shown to some specific statistic

1.1- Mercator Projection

an equal - area projection, preserves direction but distorts areas of landmasses relative to each other (areas become large @ high latitudes, near the poles)EX: used especially for marine charts and certain climatological maps.

1.1- Peters Projection

focuses on keeping landmasses equal in area. As a result, the shapes are distorted, and the map looks unfamiliar to viewers

1.1- Robinson Projection

Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.

1.1- graduated symbol map

A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent.

1.4- Placelessness

the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next ex: Walmart- everyone of them looks the same

1.1- absolute direction

Based on the cardinal points of North, South, East, and West. These appear uniformly and independently in all cultures, derived from obvious givens of nature

1.1- absolute distance

Exact measurement of the physical space between two places.

1.1- relative distance

Approximate measurement of the physical space between two places.

1.2/1.3- satellite navigation systems

Portable device that uses GPS to plot the user's position.

1.7- Functional Region (Nodal Region)

An area organized around a node or focal point and are defined by an activity that occurs across the region. Ex: Pizza delivery areas - the pizza shop is the node

1.1- map projection

a way of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface

1.7- Perceptual Region (Vernacular)

an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

1.1- Density (geographic)

the number of things—which could be people, animals, plants, or objects—in a certain area.

1.1- Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

1.1- Concentration

The spread of something over a given area.

1.1- dispersed concentration

when the objects in an area are relatively far apart

1.1- clustered concentration

If the objects in an area are close together

1.1- pattern

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.

1.2/1.3-geospatial technology

refers to equipment used in visualization, measurement, and analysis of earth's features, typically involving such systems as GPS (global positioning systems), GIS (geographical information systems), and RS (remote sensing).

1.4- Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

1.6- large scale map

Maps that cover smaller areas with greater detail

1.6- small scale map

Shows fewer details, and focuses on a larger area (region, world)

1.1- map scale

The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.

1.6- Geographic Scale

The scale at which a geographer analyzes a particular phenomenon, for example: global, national, census tract, neighborhood, etc. Generally, the finer the scale of analysis, the richer the level of detail in the findings.

1.7- subregion

A smaller division of a geographic region.

1.1- Quantitative data

numerical data

1.1 Qualitative Data

Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic

1.6- Scale of Analysis

how zoomed in or out you are when looking at geographic data- global, regional, national, local

1.6 spatial distribution

The arrangement of phenomenon across the Earth's surface

7.2- break-of-bulk point

a place where cargo is unloaded from one form of transportation and pieces of it are sent out in different directions to other forms

7.2- bulk-gaining industry

Industry that makes something that gains volume or weight during production

7.2- bulk-reducing industry

industry that makes something that loses volume or weight during production

7.6- Comparative advantage

the ability of a group to carry out an economic activity more effieciently than another economic activity

7.3- Development

the changes that occur as a country transitions from an agricultural economy to industry-based economy with rising living standards

7.8- Fair trade

a movement that encourages multi-national corporations to pay living wages to workers in LDCs instead of the lowest possible wage

7.7- Fordist production

form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

7.7- Foreign direct investment (FDI)

a company or individual from one country spending money in business interests in another country, in the form of either establishing business operations or acquiring assets

7.3- Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

a statistic created by the United Nations to measure the inequalites between men and women in countries

7.3- Gender-related Development Index (GDI)

a statistic that is an offshoot of the HDI that measures gender gaps in life expectancy, education, and incomes

7.3- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

a monetary measurement of all the goods and services produced in a year in a country

7.3- Gross National Income (GNI)

a monetary measurement of all the goods and services produced by citizens (including citizens overseas) in a year in a country but NOT con-citizen residents

7.3- Human Development Index (HDI)

a statistic created by the United Nations to try to measure how economically developed a country is - seen as more complete picture than just GDP PPP per capita

7.3- Informal economy

the part of an economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government including illegal activities

7.7- Just-in-time delivery

a strategy for maintaining just the right amount of inventory so as to not have to pay for storage

7.3- Literacy Rate

the percentage of people in an area that can read and write

7.7- Maquiladora

a factory in Mexico owned by a foreign company that only creates products to export to other countries

7.7- Outsourcing

(not exactly how it is used in real life) transferring part of a company's operations to an outside company or in another place

7.7- Post-Fordist production

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks and goods are put together in stages all over the world, with sections often outsourced.

7.7- Right-to-work state

States in the USA whose laws prevent unions from requiring people to join the union to work in an industry (mainly Republican states)

7.1- Industrialization

the process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of good

7.3- Standard of living

level of wealth available to a person or community

7.5- Core

in World's Systems Analysis, the core are the powerful, wealthy countries that have great influence on the world economy

7.2- Least cost theory

Alfred Weber's theory that tries to explain and predict the locational pattern of industry

7.5- Periphery

in World's Systems Analysis, the periphery are the least economically developed countries that have little influence over the world's economy

7.2- Sectors of the economy

separating jobs into segments of the economy based on the purpose of their job (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary)

7.5- Semi-periphery

in World's Systems Analysis, the semi-periphery is the more-wealthy LDCs that have some influence on world economies

7.3- Formal economy

economic activities that take place inside the official, legal framework, pay taxes and are monitored by the government

7.3- Gender Inequality Index (GII)

a statistic created by the United Nations to measure how much development is lost because of inequalities between men and women

7.3- Gross National Product (GNP)

a monetary measurement of all the goods and services produced by residents of a country (NOT citizens in other countries)

7.8- Nonrenewable energy

energy from a source that is depleted when used, such as fossil fuels or nuclear

7.8- Renewable energy

energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power

7.5- Dependency theory

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

7.4- Microloans

a small sum of money lent at low interest to a new business

7.6- Complementarity

when two regions, through trade, can specifically satisfy each other's demands

7.6- European Union (EU)

a supranational organization in Europe that allows for free trade, freedom of movement between members states, and a common currency (the Euro)

7.6- Free trade agreement

a treaty between countries that eliminates tariffs on goods sent between the countries

7.6- International Monetary Fund (IMF)

an supranational organization that aims to promote global economic stability and helping LDCs grow