CHEM EXAM 3

Homogeneous

mixture that is evenly distributed

heterogeneous

mixture that is not evenly distributed

solution

major component- solvent

minor component- solute

colloidal dispersion

mixture of major components and colloids

suspension

uneven miter, large particles

solvation

dissolving molecular solutes

molarity

molarity/ liters solution

isotonic

stays the same, even on both sides

hypotonic

more red blood cells flow to the intracellular solution, and out of the water.

hypertonic

red blood cells flow into the water and out of the intracellular liquid

dialysis

removing waste and. water fin to the bloodstream through a semipermeable membrane.

osmosis

the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

gradient across membranes

refers to the difference in solute concentration on either side of a semipermeable membrane, influencing the movement of water.

ppb

(parts per billion) is a unit of measurement used to describe the concentration of a substance in a solution, indicating how many parts of the substance are present per billion parts of the total solution.

ppm

(parts per million) is a unit of measurement used to express the concentration of a substance in a solution, equivalent to one part of the substance per million parts of the total solution.

%m/v=

(percent mass/volume) is a measurement that expresses the mass of solute in grams per 100 milliliters of solution.

m/v=

(mass/volume) is a calculation used to represent the concentration of a solution based on the mass of solute in a given volume of solvent, typically in grams per milliliter.

high solubility

refers to a substance's ability to dissolve in a solvent at a high concentration, often resulting in a saturated solution.

electrolytes

conduct electricity in solution

molecules with covalent bonds

do not dissociate in solution

polar solvents are used for

dissolving ionic and polar substances effectively.

non polar solvents are used for

dissolving nonpolar substances.

intermolecular forces

are attractions between molecules that affect physical properties like boiling and melting points. help solute

isomers have the same

molecular formula but different structures or arrangements.

alkenes

are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

polyenes

are hydrocarbons that contain multiple double bonds.

cis bonds

are a type of double bond configuration where the substituents are on the same side of the double bond, resulting in specific spatial arrangements.

trans bonds

are a type of double bond configuration where the substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond, leading to a more linear molecular shape.

double bonds do not

allow free rotation of connected groups, resulting in distinct geometric isomers.

cycoalkenes

are alkenes in which the carbon atoms form a ring structure, containing at least one double bond.

alcohol contains a hydroxyl group

(-OH) attached to a carbon atom, making it an important class of organic compounds with diverse uses. ends in OL

phenols 

are a class of aromatic compounds characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group (-OH) directly attached to a benzene ring, exhibiting unique chemical properties.

thiols

are organic compounds containing a sulfhydryl group (-SH) bonded to a carbon atom, often with distinctive odors and used in various chemical applications.

ethers

are organic compounds that contain an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups, resulting in a general structure of R-O-R', where R and R' are hydrocarbon chains.

amines

amines contain nitrogen, can replace h with c using single bonds

aromatic hydrocarbons

are compounds that contain at least one aromatic ring, characterized by their cyclic, planar structure and resonance stabilization, often exhibiting distinct smells and chemical properties.

acid

is a substance that donates protons (H+) in a chemical reaction, often characterized by a sour taste and the ability to turn blue litmus paper red.

how do I know if it is an acid?

An acid can be identified by its ability to donate protons (H+) in a chemical reaction, change blue litmus paper to red, and typically has a sour taste. Additionally, it may react with bases to form salts and water.

mono-tropic acids vs polyproticc

acids differ in the number of protons they can donate in solution. Mono-tropic acids can donate one proton, while polyprotic acids can donate multiple protons.

acid base

produces salts and water when reacting with each other. bitter taste, slipperysubstances that can accept protons (H+) or donate electron pairs in a chemical reaction.

how to know when something is a base

OH is in formulaand it can accept protons (H+), typically turning red litmus paper blue and having a bitter taste.

strong bases

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, ca(OH)2. Sr(OH02) Ba(OH)2

weak bases

NH3, CN-, CO-3

pH

pH measures the acidity or basicity of a solution on a scale from 0 to 14, where lower values indicate acidity, and higher values indicate basicity.

Normal ph levels

Normal pH levels in pure water are around 7, indicating neutrality, while human blood typically maintains a slightly basic pH range of 7.35 to 7.45.

How to find pH

To find pH, use the formula pH = -log[H+], where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.

what is a buffer?

a buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or base.

acidosis

a condition characterized by an excess of acid in the body fluids, leading to a decrease in pH. Blood pH becomes to acidic

alkalosis

blood pH becomes to basic

physiological pH

normally 6-8

blood 7.35-7.45

skeletal- 6.8-7.1

organelles 4.5-8.0