Cradles of Early science

Mesoamerica

includes the entire of Central America from the Southern Mexico up to the border of South America.

Mesoamerican region

rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its European colonizer

Maya Civilization

one of famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2000 years.

Mayan Civilization

These people are known for their works in astronomy. They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures. This allows them to use their temple for astronomical observation.

pyramid at Chichen Itza in Mexico

situated at the location of
the Sun during the spring and fall equinoxes

Mayan Civilization

knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies were advance for their time, as evidence by their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycle in
planting and harvesting

Mayans

also knowns for measuring time using two complicated calendar system.

Calendar System

were very useful for their life especially in planning their activities and in observing their religious rituals and cultural celebrations

Mayan

developed the technology for growing different
crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools.

hydraulics system

They built ___ with sophisticated water to supply water to different communities

Mayan

They use various tools and adapt themselves to innovation especially in the field of art.

looms

The Mayan built ___ for weaving cloth

mica

devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called

Mayan

They also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products 3000 years before Good year received its patent in 1884.

Mayan

They are considered one of the most scientifically advance societies in Mesoamerica.

Mayan Hieroglyphics

famous as one of the world's first civilization to use a writing system known as

numeral 20

They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system based on the

Mayan

Independently developed the concept of zero and positional value, even before the Romans did.

zero and positional value

Independently developed the concept of ___ , even before the Romans did.

Inca civilizations

Is also famous in Mesoamerica.

Incas

made advance scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization

Inca

made advance scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization

Inca

Stones building that
surmounted earthquakes and other disaster;

Irrigation system and technique

for storing water for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of lands

Inca

Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season;

Inca

The first suspension bridge

Quipu

a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret; and

Inca

Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret;I

Inca textiles

cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements.

Aztec Civilization

has also made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the society as a whole.

Mandatory Education

the Aztec puts value on education; that is why their children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive education.

universal or inclusive education

It is an early form of

Chocolates

the Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their Gods.

cacao beans

highly and made it as part of their tribute to their Gods.

Aztec Calendar

This enables them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.

Antispasmodic medications

They used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spasm and relax muscle, which could help during surgery

Chinampa

It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural framing in which the land was divided into rectangular areas surrounded by canals

Invention of the canoe

A light narrow boat used for travelling in water system.

Asia

the biggest continent in the World and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a host many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activity of all ages. In the field of science, technology and mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, China, and the Middle East civilizations.

India

a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders

India

They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire.

iron steel

is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empir

India

famous in medicine.

Ayurveda

Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500BC, is still

Sama

noted interest that interest in astronomy was also evident in the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani

Sustruta Samhita

describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India

Ancient India

also notable in the field of astronomy. They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.

Indus Valley Civilization

The Earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appeared in the __

Sama

this ancient text covered topics such as: mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets the three problems of diurnal rotations; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar eclipse; latitudes of the planets; rising and settings; the moons crescent; conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars; and the paths of the Sun and Moon

India

also known for their mathematics. The Earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization. The people of this civilization tried standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjodaro ruler.

Mohenjodaro ruler

The people of this civilization tried standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a rule

Aryabhata

Indian astronomer and mathematician. He introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms in algebra.

Brahmagupta

suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as a both placeholder and a decimal digit, along with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the world

Madhava

founder of mathematical analysis.

China

They are known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of Chinese people. They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness. An example is the practice of acupuncture

China

one of the most ancient civilization with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, among others.

acupuncture

They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness. An example is the practice of

China

were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools that become known in the West only by the end of the Middle Ages.

China

They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheel barrow, and propeller, among others. They also developed a design of different models of bridges, invented seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility

China

also made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipse, and comets which were carefully recorded and preserve to understand better the heavenly bodies and their effects to our world. They o

China

They use lunar calendars, too. They are also known in seismology. This made them more prepared in times of natural calamities.

China

tantial contributions in various fields. These contributions were made along with mathematics, logic, philosophy, and medicine. However cultural factors prevented these Chinese achievements from developing into a modern science.

Byzantine Empire

The common language of Arabic, access to Greek texts from the

Muslims

The Middle East countries are dominantly occupied by

Middle East Civilization

The Middle East countries are dominantly occupied by Muslims, With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what we called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 13th century.

Golden Age of Islam

With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what we

Middle East

The common language of Arabic, access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, and their proximity to India were contributory to the intellectualizations of the Muslims and provided their scholarship knowledge to create innovations and developed new ideas.

Arabic Numeral System

originally came from India, but Muslim mathematician, did make several refinements to the number system, such as introduction of decimal notation.

Middle East

In contrary to the Greeks, Muslim scientist placed greater value on science experiments rather than plain though experiment. This led to the development of the scientific method in the Muslim world, and made significant improvements by using experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation

Muhammad ibn Musa Al Kharizmi

gave name to the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications.

Ibnal Haytham

is regarded as the father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light

Muslim chemist and alchemist

also played an important role in the foundation of modern chemistry

Ibn Sina

pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trial. His who most notable works in medicine, the Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, were used as standard in medicinal text in both the Muslim world and in Europe during the 17th century. Among his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology.

Africa

is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in this part of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it.

Africa

They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important components such as examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis for the treatment of diseases.

Egyptian Civilization

has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. For example, the development of geometry was a product of necessity to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians living along the Nile River

Egypt

to be the center of Alchemy, which is known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry.

rules of geometry

were developed and used in rectilinear structures, the post of lintel architecture of Egypt

Africa

documents show that African used three types of calendars; lunar, solar and stellar or the combination of three

Mathematics

known to be prominent in the life of early people in the African contine

Metallurgy

was also known in the African regions during the ancient times. They invented metal tools used in their homes, in agriculture and in building their magnificent architectures

Africa

They are good in four fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical skills

Lebombo bone

from the mountains between Swaziland and South Africa, which may have been a tool for multiplication, division and simple mathematical calculation or a six-month lunar calendar, is considered to be the oldest known mathematical artifact from 35,000 BCE

Africa

They have knowledge of basic concepts of algebra and geometry.