APES Facts Topic 1: Ecosystems, Unit 2: The Living World: Biodiversity, Unit 3: Populations, Unit 4: Earth Systems and Resources, Unit 5 Facts, Unit 6 Facts

Competition

________________________________ can be intraspecific or interspecific in an ecosystem where there are limited resources.

niche

A broader ____________________ is an advantage to reduce competition.

Resource partitioning

__________________________________________________________ is using the resources in different ways, places, or at different times to reduce the negative impact of competition.

71%, 2.2%

___________________ of Earth's surface is covered by salt water and ____________ by freshwater.

Algae

______________________ in marine biomes supply a large portion of the Earth's oxygen and take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

photosynthesis and respiration.

In the carbon cycle, carbon is cycled from the abiotic to the biotic through _____________________________ and ________________________.

sinks

Carbon reservoirs or _________________ hold carbon compounds and include marine life.

nitrogen

The atmosphere is the major reservoir for __________________.

ammonia (NH3)

Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) cannot be used directly by plants, so it must first be converted into ________________________________ through nitrogen fixation by bacteria.

Ammonification

____________________________________ occurs when nitrogen is converted into ammonia by ammonifying bacteria.

Assimilation

________________________________ occurs when inorganic N2 is converted into organic molecules such as DNA and amino acids.

Denitrification

___________________________________ occurs when bacteria convert nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) back into N2 gas.

Phosphorus

_____________________________ does not circulate as easily as nitrogen because it does not exist as a gas, but is released by the weathering of phosphate (PO4) in rocks.

solar

The water cycle is powered by ____________________ energy which leads to the evaporation of water.

Primary productivity

________________________________________ is the rate at which solar energy is converted into organic compounds via photosynthesis.

photosynthesis

Net primary productivity is the rate of energy storage by ___________________________________ in a given area, after subtracting the energy lost to respiration.

positive feedback loop, negative feedback loop

In a ______________________________________________ the end product keeps the process going, while in a _________________________________________ the end product stops the process.

Species richness

_____________________ refers to the number of different species found in an ecosystem

ecological service

A(n) _____________________ is something that benefits humans, comes from a natural process and occurs in a healthy ecosystem.

diversity

Island ____________ is determined by size and the distance to the mainland and size.

Ecological tolerance

_______________________ refers to the range of conditions that an organism can endure before injury or death.

changing

Organisms that reproduce quickly can adapt to ____________ environmental conditions.

keystone

A ___________ species maintains an ecosystem and keeps it functioning in a sustainable way.

indicator species

A(n) __________________ is a species that serves as early warnings that an ecosystem is changing.

Primary succession, secondary succession

_________________ begins in a lifeless area with only rock present, while ___________________ occurs in an area where soil is present.

pioneer

A(n) ____________ species (lichen) begins the process of soil formation.

generalist

A ____________ species can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions with a variety of food sources and habitats.

specialist

A _____________ species has a narrow range of environmental conditions, eats only one or very few types of food, and lives in only one type of habitat.

K-selected

_______________ species tend to be large, reproduce later, have long life spans, and are prone to extinction.

r-selected

_____________ species tend to be small, mature early, have many offspring, have short life spans, and are more likely to survive environmental changes.

Type I

A _____________ survivorship curve includes survival until later in life.

Type II

A ___________ survivorship curve shows a constant state of mortality regardless of age.

Type III

A ___________ survivorship curve includes high mortality early in life and high survivability for those that do survive.

overshoot, dieback

When carrying capacity is met, ____________ occurs leading to a ____________ of the population due to competition and disease.

biotic potential

Exponential growth of a population occurs when there are no limiting factors and the ______________ can be reached.

Population change

______________________ is based on (birth + immigration) - (death + emigration).

pre-reproductive

A rapidly growing population will have a higher proportion of ____________________ people compared to older people.

total fertility rate

The ________________________ is based on age at birth of first child, education, access to family planning, religion, and governmental policies.

exponential, linear

The Malthusian Theory states that population growth is __________________ while food production is ___________ and unable to meet demand.

doubling time.

The rule of 70 states that dividing the number 70 by the percentage population growth rates approximates the population's ______________________.

Demographic transition

______________________ refers to the transition from high to lower birth and death rates in a country as it moves from pre-industrial to industrial.

preindustrial stage

The _______________________ includes high birth and death rates and slow population growth.

transitional stage

The _____________________ includes a low death rate with still high birth rates and a fast growing population.

industrial stage

The _____________________ includes a decline in birth rates and slowing population growth.

postindustrial stage

The _________________ includes low birth and death rates.

Replacement level fertility

______________________________ is the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves.

Divergent boundaries

___________________________ occur between plates that move away from one another and can result in seafloor spreading, rift valleys, earthquakes and volcanoes.

Transform boundaries

_______________________ occur when plates grind past each other and can result in earthquakes.

rift valley

A _______________ is a long, elongated depression with steep walls formed when the crust is spread apart.

Soils

_______ are formed when parent rock material is weathered, transported, and deposited.

Humus

__________ is dark organic material formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms.

water quality

Protecting soils can protect _______________ as soils physically and chemically filter and clean water that moves through them.

O-A-E-B-C-R.

The soil profile horizons in order are ___________________

size,porosity.

The total amount of water that soil can hold varies with different types of soil and is determined by ________ and _____________.

Clay

_______ is the smallest particle of soil, followed by silt, and then sand.

runoff, flooding

Soils with small pores will retain more water leading to higher levels _________ of ____________ and .

Compaction

________________ of soil by humans results in a loss of aeration.

Leaching

____________ is the loss of water-soluble nutrients from the soil due to rain and irrigation.

watershed

A ______________ is an area of land where water from streams and rivers all drain into a single larger body of water.

78%, 21%

The Earth's atmosphere is made up of ____ nitrogen and ____ oxygen.

temperature gradients.

The layers of the atmosphere are based on __________________________.

equator

Global wind patterns mainly result from the most intense solar radiation arriving at the ___________, resulting in density differences.

Coriolis

During the ______________ Effect wind moves to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere due to earth spinning in a counter-clockwise direction.

Convection currents

____________________ which move the tectonic plates are created when hot material rises and cooler, denser material falls back.

Convergent boundaries

___________________________ occur between plates that move towards one another and can result in the creation of mountains, island arcs, earthquakes, and volcanoes.

seasons

The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation (23.5o) causes the __________ and the number of hours of daylight in a particular location.

rain shadow

A _______________ is a dry region of land on the side of the mountain range that is protected from prevailing winds.

El Nino

___________ is created by weak trade winds that prevent the pushing of warm water off the pacific coast of N and S America which allows for the warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and prevents upwelling.

La Nina

__________ is caused by stronger than normal trade winds that pushes warm water west allowing for deeper cold water to rise to the surface near the S. American coast.

Tragedy of the Commons

The _____________________ suggests that individuals will use shared resources in their own self-interest rather than in keeping with the common good, thereby depleting the resource.

__________________ is the most efficient way to harvest trees but leads to increased soil erosion runoff, pollution, and a loss of biodiversity.

Clear cutting

Surface fires, crown fires

________________ burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor while ___________ are extremely hot and burn whole trees.

The _________________________ served to increase food production by increasing mechanization, GMOs, fertilization, irrigation, and the use of pesticides.

Green Revolution

_____________ is an agricultural practice that mixes organic matter into the soil but increases erosion.

Tilling

Fertilizers

The use of _______________ increases pollutants in runoff and uses fossil fuels in their production.

_________________________ agriculture involves deforestation to be able to farm land and then moving on to new land when that soil has been exhausted.

Slash and burn

Monoculture

____________________ is the cultivation of a single crop, usually in a large area.

The largest human use of freshwater is for _______________ (70%).

Irrigation

Drip irrigation, flood irrigation

____________________ is a more costly and efficient method of irrigation while ____________________ covers an entire field with water and can lead to waterlogging.

_____________________ occurs when too much water is left to sit in the soil, raising the water table, and inhibits the plants' ability to absorb oxygen through their roots.

Waterlogging

Furrow irrigation

______________________ involves cutting furrows between crop rows and filling with water.

______________________ occurs when the salts in groundwater remain in the soil after water evaporates.

Salinization

______________________ can be severely depleted if overused for agricultural irrigation.

Aquifers

Pests can easily become _____________ to pesticides due to a short generation time which leads farmers to spray more pesticides at a higher dose.

Resistant

A _____________________ occurs when farmers must continue to spray pesticides as part of the agricultural cycle.

Pesticide treadmill

Crops can be genetically engineered to increase resistance to pests and diseases which leads to a loss of _____________________.

Genetic diversity

Industrialized

Meat production has increased as more countries are becoming _____________________.

Most meat comes from animals that are raised in densely packed _______________ which leads to large amounts of waste that can contaminate ground and surface water.

Feedlots

Free range

_________________ grazing allows animals to graze on grass during their entire life cycle, uses fewer antibiotics and chemicals, and waste can be used as a fertilizer.

Overgrazing

__________________ occurs when too many animals feed on a particular area of land and can cause a loss of vegetation leading to soil erosion and desertification.

_____________________ is the degradation of low precipitation regions toward being increasingly arid until they become deserts.

Desertification

____________________ is the industrialized production of fish and shellfish.

Aquaculture

__________________ can lead to a loss of biodiversity in marine habitats as well as negatively impact people economically.

Overfishing

Surface mining

_____________________ is the removal of large portions of soil and rock, called overburden, in order to access the ore underneath.

Mining wastes include ____________ and ___________ that remain when minerals have been removed from the ore.

Soil, rocks

Urbanization

________________ can lead to depletion of resources, an increase in the release of carbon dioxide, and saltwater intrusion in the hydrologic cycle.

___________________ is the change in population distribution to low density suburbs.

Urban sprawl

Ecological footprints

_______________________ compare resource demands and waste production required for an individual or society.

Sustainability

___________________ refers to humans living on Earth and their use of resources so that they will be available for future generations.

_________________________ is the amount of a renewable resource that can be taken without reducing the available supply.

Sustainable yield