Unit 2 - Changes in Europe

yaba daba doooo

Humanism

Focus on life on Earth over the afterlife

Humanism

An intellectual movement emphasizing human potential and achievement

Social causes of the reformation

Renaissance led to questioning the church, printing press spread ideas critical of the church

Economic causes of the reformation

Princes envied the church’s wealth, merchants resented church taxes

Political causes of the reformation

Leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler

Religious causes of the reformation

Selling indulgences was seen as morally wrong

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor and devout catholic who opposed Luther’s teachings

Prince Frederick the Wise

Protected Martin Luther by hiding Luther in his castle

Peasants’ Revolt (1524)

Inspired by Luther, demanded an end to serfdom (100,000 deaths)

Protestants

Representing non-Catholic Christians

Peace of Augsburg

Allowed rulers to chose their state’s religion

What happened in 1529 during the English Reformation?

King Henry VIII called Parliament to end the Pope’s authority in England

What happened in 1533 during the English Reformation?

King Henry VIII secretly married ANne Boleyn after Parliament approved his divorce

Act of Supremacy (1534) 

Declared King Henry VIII to be the official head of the Church of England 

Church of England

The only legal church in England

Calvinism

A Protestant belief system emphasizing God’s absolute sovereignty

Predestination

Calvin taught that God predestined a select few for salvation

John Knox

Established Calvinism as Scotland’s official religion, leading to the rise of PResbyterianism

Presbyterian Church

Rooted in Calvinism, emphasizing governance by elders

Huguenots

Was a Protestant church in France that followed the teachings of Calvinism (violent clashes with Catholics)

Counter Reformation

Focused on renewing the Catholic church from within

Council of Trent Outcomes

Bible is final, bible & church tradition are equal, indulgences banned

Salvation

Both faith and good works are essential

Pope Paul IV’s Actions

Created “Index of Forbidden Books,” ordered destruction of offensive books, including the Protestant Bible 

John Locke

British philosopher who promoted natural rights (life, liberty, property)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher who emphasized the “social contract”

Voltaire

French Enlightenment thinker opposing religious dogma

Baron de Montesquieu

French philosopher who advocated for separating government powers

Simon Bolivar

Latin American leader who used Enlightenment ideals

Enlightenment

18th-centry spread of ideas challenging traditional authority

Dogma

Any belief accepted without question or defense

The Spirit of Laws (1748) 

Advocated for separation of powers into Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Branches

Absolutism

Ruler, typically a monarch, holds absolute power over the government and the lives of the people

Monarch

A king or queen who rules a territory (goal was to control every aspect of society)

Urbanization

Growing cities enhanced central control

Divine Right

The belief that God created the monarchy

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

Louis XIV tries to place his grandson on the Spanish throne to unite France and Spain, though European powers fought back

Treaty of Utrecht

Ultimately weakened France’s power in Europe

Versailles

Built as a grand symbol of Louis XIV’s absolute power, showcasing the king’s wealth and authority (was also the center of government and culture costing $2-3 billion)