Test 2 - Racialized Youth Crime & Justice in Canada

Conflict theories argue that societies are more appropriately characterized by ___________ rather than ____________, which asks where do _________ come from and how does conflict ________?

Conflict theories argue that societies are more appropriately characterized by CONFLICT rather than CONSENSUS, which asks where do INEQUALITIES come from and how does conflict ARISE?

Pluralist versions of conflict theories argue that society is composed of _________ ________ struggling to see their __________ maintained, therefore conflict occurs

Ex. Competing political parties and people who identify with them clashing over policies, governance, & ideological values

Pluralist versions of conflict theories argue that society is composed of DIFFERENT GROUPS struggling to see their INTERESTS maintained, therefore conflict occurs

Class-conflict versions of conflict theories argue that _________ classes exist in society, where both __________ to ____________

Ex. Proletariats trying to get higher wages & better working conditions, while the bourgeoisie seeks to protect their wealth & power

Class-conflict versions of conflict theories argue that TWO classes exist in society, where both ATTEMPT to DOMINATE

Feminist conflict theories argue that _________ ______ are required to reform ________ _______ & ______________

Ex. Identifies unique risk factors for women, gendered explanations for female youth crime, women’s rights, stronger IPV rights, reproductive rights, online modern activism

Feminist conflict theories argue that MAJOR CHANGES are required to reform SOCIAL STRUCTURES & INSTITUTIONS

The 3 main conflict theories are ___________ theory, _______ ______ theory, & social __________ theory

The 3 main conflict theories are FEMINIST theory, CRITICAL RACE theory, & social DISLOCATION theory

Feminist conflict theories see the common root of feminism being the drive towards _______ & __________ and how feminism centers the notion of ___________ in understandings of _________

Feminist conflict theories see the common root of feminism being the drive towards EQUITY & JUSTICE and how feminism centers the notion of PATRIARCHY in understandings of INEQUALITY

Sheehy argues that the feminist/women’s movement in Canada represents women who accept & recognize the existence of women’s _______ _________ _______ economically, _________, & politically, and who have a commitment to engage in _________ of one sort or another to change women’s _____________

Sheehy argues that the feminist/women’s movement in Canada represents women who accept & recognize the existence of women’s LOWER SOCIETAL RANK economically, SOCIALLY, & politically, and who have a commitment to engage in STRUGGLE of one sort or another to change women’s INEQUALITY

Law firms tend to be led by ___________, where most women will leave the law field after they turn ________

Law firms tend to be led by MEN, where most women will leave the law field after they turn 40

Yemshaw v. London Borough (2011) resulted in the Supreme Court arguing that domestic violence is not only limited to _________ violence but can include the use of ________, psychological, or _________ abuse

Yemshaw v. London Borough (2011) resulted in the Supreme Court arguing that domestic violence is not only limited to PHYSICAL violence but can include the use of EMOTIONAL, psychological, or FINANCIAL abuse

The gendered pathway theory says that women engage in crime for ________ _________ than males, which is why there needs to be gendered-specific ___________/pathways to reflect these differences and that women tend to enter the criminal justice system in _________ _______ that are different from men

The gendered pathway theory says that women engage in crime for DIFFERENT REASONS than males, which is why there needs to be gendered-specific INTERVENTIONS/pathways to reflect these differences and that women tend to enter the criminal justice system in UNIQUE PATHWAYS that are different from men

Net narrowing is when youth who have ____________-based sentences struggle to ________ ________ because there is not ________ for _________

Ex. Not enough mental health professionals or not enough space in programs

Net narrowing is when youth who have COMMUNITY-based sentences struggle to ACCESS RESOURCES because there is not ENOUGH for EVERYONE

Risk factors for female youth offending in Canada include _________, assault, ______-______, family structure/foster care, ________/________, mental health, ________ use, ________-________, education, & ethnicity

Risk factors for female youth offending in Canada include TRAUMA, assault, SELF-HARM, family structure/foster care, POVERTY/INCOME, mental health, SUBSTANCE use, SELF-CONTROL, education, & ethnicity

Critical race theory in conflict theories attempts to highlight the _________ in ________ society while acknowledging that _________ is an __________ part of _________ society

Critical race theory in conflict theories attempts to highlight the INEQUALITY in MODERN society while acknowledging that RACISM is an INHERENT part of MODERN society

Critical race conflict theory says that regardless of _______ ________ that promote _________ — race, _________, & ________ still influence the __________ of all ___________ _______ including the criminal justice system

Critical race conflict theory says that regardless of LEGAL STATUTES that promote EQUALITY — race, RACISM, & POWER still influence the OPERATION of all SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS including the criminal justice system

Critical race conflict theory argues that laws reflect ____________ of those in _________ who have _________ control

Ex. Judges and lawmakers tend to be older, male, & White

Critical race conflict theory argues that laws reflect PERSPECTIVES of those in POWER who have DOMINANT control

Intersectionality focuses on how ________ _________ is not the only form of ____________ & ________ in society and that we need to understand the __________ between _______, class, & gender & other social identities

Ex. Patriarchy, sexism, immigration status, language, accents

Intersectionality focuses on how RACIAL OPPRESSION is not the only form of OPPRESSION & INEQUALITY in society and that we need to understand the CONNECTIONS between RACE, class, & gender & other social identities

The intersection of different & varying _______ ________ can determine the ________ of an _________, where multiple ___________ create privilege & domination

Ex. Different social traits = different life experiences, oppression comes from different forms from all directions like discrimination from one road, homophobia from another

The intersection of different & varying SOCIAL IDENTITIES can determine the LIFE of an INDIVIDUAL, where multiple INTERSECTIONS create privilege & domination

The varying social identities can create unique modes of ___________ & increase engagement with the _________ and how such individuals interact with society, but one must recognize intersectionality to ___________ it

The varying social identities can create unique modes of DISCRIMINATION & increase engagement with the CRJS and how such individuals interact with society, but one must recognize intersectionality to UNDERSTAND it

The additive model of intersectionality sees ______ ______ of oppression as __________, where other sub-groups of oppression only _____ & ______

Ex. Race + gender + class = adding on each other separately

The additive model of intersectionality sees ONE FORM of oppression as PRIMARY, where other sub-groups of oppression only ADD & STIR

The integrative model of intersectionality is a more __________ approach where social _____________ ________ on each other as __________ systems of oppression

Ex. Race x Gender x Class x Sexuality = multiplying on each other for increased negative life experiences

The integrative model of intersectionality is a more HOLISTIC approach where social CHARACTERISTICS MULTIPLY on each other as INTERLOCKING systems of oppression

White youths reported ________ _______ perceptions of the police compared to _______ & ________ youths

White youths reported HIGHER FAVOURABLE perceptions of the police compared to BLACK & INDIGENOUS youths

The overrepresentation of Indigenous Peoples in the Canadian CRJS creates a ______ _______ of crime in violence, which is _________ to ________ within communities

The overrepresentation of Indigenous Peoples in the Canadian CRJS creates a CYCLICAL NATURE of crime in violence, which is DIFFICULT to BREAK within communities

Sentencing considerations for Indigenous Peoples include _______ _______ and Section 718.2(e) in the CC and sentencing alternatives include ________ ______ & sentencing __________

Sentencing considerations for Indigenous Peoples include GLADUE REPORTS and Section 718.2(e) in the CC and sentencing alternatives include HEALING LODGES & sentencing CIRCLES

Relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples have been marred by _________ ______ & __________

Relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples have been marred by BROKEN RELATIONS & PROMISES

Residential schools that aimed to _______ & ________ Indigenous Peoples created an ________ _________ legacy where Indigenous youth face a diverse range of _________ experiences

Residential schools that aimed to CIVILIZE & ASSIMILATE Indigenous Peoples created an INTERGENERATIONAL TRAUMATIC legacy where Indigenous youth face a diverse range of NEGATIVE experiences

Colonialism & racism have impacted individual _________ ____________ of the self, such as Indigenous youth who commit crime, and also on the systems of ___________ & _________ that link individuals & ____________

Colonialism & racism have impacted individual PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES of the self, such as Indigenous youth who commit crime, and also on the systems of ATTACHMENT & MEANING that link individuals & COMMUNITY

Indigenous Peoples are also disadvantaged ________-_________, such as having lower levels of __________, higher ___________ rates, & poverty

Indigenous Peoples are also disadvantaged SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY, such as having lower levels of EDUCATION, higher UNEMPLOYMENT rates, & poverty

Indigenous youth represent only 7 percent of youth in Canada, yet they make up about ____% of youth admitted to custody, specifically _________ Indigenous youth are overrepresented in the system

Indigenous youth represent only 7 percent of youth in Canada, yet they make up about 40% of youth admitted to custody, specifically FEMALE Indigenous youth are overrepresented in the system

Younger adults have the _________ ___________ of Indigenous Peoples in custody compared to middle-aged and older adults and this rate is ___________

Younger adults have the HIGHEST OVERREPRESENTATION of Indigenous Peoples in custody compared to middle-aged and older adults and this rate is INCREASING

The overall rate of _______ ______ among Indigenous Peoples is more than ________ that of non-Indigenous Peoples and the risk of ___________ is also __________, especially for Indigenous girls & women

The overall rate of VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION among Indigenous Peoples is more than DOUBLE that of non-Indigenous Peoples and the risk of VICTIMIZATION is also GENDERED, especially for Indigenous girls & women

The government definition of restorative justice is that it focuses on _________ the _______ caused by crime, while holding offenders _________ for their _________, and when effectively used, restorative justice can lead to _______ _________ for victims & offenders & reduce the ________ of ________ that go to ________

Ex. Focuses on reconciliation, meaningful accountability, & addressing needs of those involved

The government definition of restorative justice is that it focuses on REPAIRING the HARM caused by crime, while holding offenders RESPONSIBLE for their ACTIONS, and when effectively used, restorative justice can lead to BETTER OUTCOMES for victims & offenders & reduce the NUMBER of CASES that go to TRIAL

The academic definition of restorative justice says that it is not simply a way of ___________ the criminal justice system, it is a way of transforming the ________ _____ _______, our ______ _______, our conduct in the workplace, our practice of _________, & its vision is of a holistic change in the way we do justice in the world

The academic definition of restorative justice says that it is not simply a way of REFORMING the criminal justice system, it is a way of transforming the ENTIRE LEGAL SYSTEM, our FAMILY LIVES, our conduct in the workplace, our practice of POLITICS, & its vision is of a holistic change in the way we do justice in the world

Restorative justice emphasizes amends, where it expects offenders to take ________ to ________ the ________ they have caused

Restorative justice emphasizes amends, where it expects offenders to take STEPS to REPAIR the HARM they have caused

Restorative justice emphasizes reintegration, which seeks to restore victims & offenders as ________, _______ _________ of _________

Restorative justice emphasizes reintegration, which seeks to restore victims & offenders as WHOLE, CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS of SOCIETY

Restorative justice emphasizes inclusion, providing opportunities for parties with a __________ in a specific crime to ___________ in its _________

Restorative justice emphasizes inclusion, providing opportunities for parties with a STAKE in a specific crime to PARTICIPATE in its RESOLUTION

Restorative justice emphasizes the factor of encounter, where it creates opportunities for victims, offenders, & _________ ________ who want to do so to ________ to _______ the crime & its __________

Restorative justice emphasizes the factor of encounter, where it creates opportunities for victims, offenders, & COMMUNITY MEMBERS who want to do so to MEET to DISCUSS the crime & its AFTERMATH

Indigenous restorative justice is a location of ___________ where Indigenous _________ of ___________ are indigenized by having Indigenous ________ be resurged through practice

Indigenous restorative justice is a location of DECOLONIZATION where Indigenous MODELS of JUSTICE are indigenized by having Indigenous LAWS be resurged through practice

Indigenous restorative justice is based on Indigenous ______ _______ rather than the Canadian criminal justice model and research says Indigenous based restorative justice initiatives redirect a high number of Indigenous _________ away from _____________

Ex. Sentencing circles that are based on cultural traditions of certain Indigenous nations where families, elders, & disputants meet to discuss & resolve criminal conflict as well as healing lodges where the main goal is to address factors that led to an offender’s involvement with the CRJS and prepare them for reintegration into society

Indigenous restorative justice is based on Indigenous LEGAL ORDERS rather than the Canadian criminal justice model and research says Indigenous based restorative justice initiatives redirect a high number of Indigenous OFFENDERS away from INCARCERATION

Criticisms and obstacles of Indigenous restorative justice is that it is too __________ & abandons get ______ on __________ _______, there is a lack of ________ _________ & resources, the approach does not address underlying ______________, __________ on ________, and it is not guaranteed there will be remorse, repentance, or forgiveness

Ex. Not enough space for restorative justice practices b/c healing lodges only take in minimum or medium security & offenders face tougher process b/c of face-to-face accountability

Criticisms and obstacles of Indigenous restorative justice is that it is too LENIENT & abandons get TOUGH on CRIME POLICIES, there is a lack of GOVERNMENT FUNDING & resources, the approach does not address underlying CIRCUMSTANCES, PRESSURE on VICTIMS, and it is not guaranteed there will be remorse, repentance, or forgiveness