Neoplasia powerpoint

tumor

mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue
lots of swelling
often used interchangeably with neoplasm.
can be benign or malignant

neoplasm

new abnormal growth (tumor) with excessive and uncoordinated growth

osteoma

tumor of bone (benign)

carcinoma

Malignant cancerous tumor that arises from epithelial tissue

sarcoma

malignant cancerous tumor arising from mesenchymal tissue (connective, muscle, bone)

Osteosarcoma

malignant tumor of the bone

-oma means

benign

Carcinoma/sarcoma/blastoma/leukemia means

malignant

Differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function.

Cells look like the tissue they come from

undifferentiated

not having a specialized function or structure.

the cells do not look like the tissue they came from

anaplasia

lack of differentiation. they do not have a form, are not uniform, and vary in shape in size. the cells are basically all over the place.

proliferation

cell growth and division

cancer cells are usually _________ as they grow fast

prolific

cancer cells are ___________ with cell growth

undifferentiated

factors affecting tumor growth are

# of cells actively dividing/moving through cell cycle
duration of cell cycle
#of cells dying vs new cells being produced
growth fraction
doubling time

growth fraction

ratio of dividing cells to resting cells in a tissue mass

doubling time

length of time it takes for the total mass of cells in a tumor to double

risk factors for cancer

tobacco use
ionizing radiation
UV radiation
electromagnetic fields
diet/obesity
chronic inflammation
alcohol consumption
sexual activity
physical inactivity
occupational hazards
air pollution
family history

STDs can cause

cancer

what are carcinogens

substances that cause cancer

examples of carcinogens

radiation
hormones (estrogen from birth control)
chemicals
tobacco
microbes

What viruses cause cancer?
KNOW

Epstein barr virus
HIV
Hepatitis B virus
Human papilloma virus (HPV)

epstein barr virus can cause

Burkitt's lymphoma

HIV can cause

Kaposi's sarcoma

Hep B virus can cause

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HPV can cause

squamous cell carcinoma and cervical cancer

H pylori can cause

gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease

what is an example of a bacterial cause of cancer?

H pylori

what is the #1 cancer for men

prostate cancer

what is the #1 cancer for women

breast cancer

What cancers causes the most deaths overall?

lung cancer

what are the top four overall cancers that kill people each year?

breast
prostate
colorectal
lung

__________ causes a lot of people to have lung cancer

smoking

lung cancer is usually found pretty late due to ...

persistant coughs and dismissing it

Proto-oncogenes

normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells result in oncogenes

oncogenes

cancer causing genes

tumor suppressor genes

encode proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth

p53 mutations play a role in nearly _____ of cancer developments

50%

p53 gene

a tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of proteins that inhibit the cell cycle

initiation, promotion, progression

3 stages of cancer development

initiation stage (stage 1)

the cells are exposed to doses of carcinogen agents making them susceptible to malignant transformation

promotion stage (stage 2)

unregulated accelerated growth in already initited cells. caused by various chemicals and growth factors. Oncogenes are activated.

progression stage (stage 3)

tumor cells have malignant changes that promote invasiveness, metastatic spread, and independent growth

how does cancer spread?

direct invasion and extension (local spread)
Seeding
Metastatic

what is seeding

Seeding of cancer cells into body cavities occurs when a tumor sheds cells into these spaces. Most often seeding occurs into the peritoneal cavity, as typically seen with ovarian cancer.

what is direct invasion and extension?

Direct extension, or invasion, means that the primary tumour grows into tissues or structures around it.

metastatic

moves from site of origin to secondary site in body

what are different tumor distinctions

cell characteristics

Rate of growth

Manner of growth

ability to metastasize

Potential for causing death

benign tumors can cause death how?

They can cause death of they are affecting vital organs

benign tumor characteristics look like

well differentiated cells
slow and progressive growths
does not invade surrounding tissues
grows by expansion
encapsulated
does not metastasize

what are the characteristics of malignant tumors

undifferentiated cells
anaplasia (does not look like normal tissue)
grows rapidly
can metastasize

what does grading mean?

grading tumors means looking at the cells

Grade 1 tumor

tumor cells well differentiated; close resemblance to tissue of origin and, thus, retaining some specialized functions

grade 2 tumor

tumor cells moderately or poorly differentiated
less resemblance to tissue of origin
more variation in size and shape of tumor cells
increased mitoses

grade 3 tumor

tumor cells poorly differentiated; increased abnormality in appearance with only remote resemblance to the tissue of origin, marked variation in shape and size of tumor cells, greatly increased mitoses

Grade 4 tumor

tumor cells very poorly differentiated; abnormal appearance to the extent that recognition of the tumor's tissue origin is difficult; extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells

what does staging mean?

Stage refers to the extent of your cancer, such as how large the tumor is and if it has spread. Knowing the stage of your cancer helps your doctor. understand how serious your cancer is and your chances of survival. plan the best treatment for you.

stage 0 tumor

carcinoma in situ

stage 1 cancer

cancer confined to tissue of origin

stage 2 cancer

cancer that is locally invasive/ local growth

stage 3 cancer

extensive local and regional spread

stage 4 cancer

metastasis

What does in situ mean?

in its original place

what does TNM mean

TNM is a system for staging cancer. Using this system helps us understanding prognosis and treatment. Each letter is rated on a 0 to 3 scale with higher number representing increasing severity.
T = size of tumor
N = extent of lymph node involvement
M = distal metastasis

What does not apply to benign tumor cells?

A.slow, progressive rate of growth
B.an expansive manner of growth
C.Grows fast and spreads widely
D.composed of well differentiated cells that resemble tissue of origin

C. grows fast and spreads widely

myelomas

plasma cell cancers

leukemias

blood cell cancer

lymphomas

cancers of lym (lymph nodes, spleens, stomach, and testicles)

Mixed types of cancers

derive from multiple cell and tissue types

What is epithelial tissue?

The epithelium is a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of your body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands

adenocarcinomas

cancers from ductal or glandular structures

colon cancer has a strong correlation with ______

family history

if you have a family history for great, prostate, colon, etc cancer then you should...

go earlier then the recommended time for a screening

S/S of cancer

bone pain
fatigue
cachexia
anemia
leukopenia
thrombocytopenia
infection

what s/s is most common with cancer

fatigue

cachexia

weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness

what is the biggest cause of death for cancer patients?

infection- due to being immunocompromised

the signs and symptoms of cancer is

specific to each patient

how do we diagnose cancer?

tumor markers
radiology
biopsys

what are tumor markers

Tumor markers are substances produced by tumor cells or by the body in response to tumor cells. it includes hormones, enzymes, genes, antigenes, and antibodies.

what is the tumor marker for prostate cancer?
KNOW

PSA (prostate specific antigen)

what is the tumor marker for colorectal cancer?
KNOW

CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)

what is the tumor marker for liver cancer?
KNOW

Alpha-feto protein (AFP)

why are tumor markers helpful?

A tumor marker is anything present in or produced by cancer cells or other cells of the body in response to cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) conditions that provides information about a cancer, such as how aggressive it is, what kind of treatment it may respond to, or whether it is responding to treatment.

what are the goals of cancer treatment?

cure, control, palliative care (comfort care)

palliative care does not mean

end of life

what are the ways surgical interventions can help a cancer patient?

It can stage of diagnose the tumor
remove the tumor
debulk tumor
palliative care

what is radiation?

used to damage or kill cells in a specified area
administered over 6 weeks
can cause localized and systemic side effects

what systemic affects does chemo and radiation have on the patient?

Both chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. The type of medicine you're taking, how it's administered, the dose and how frequently you're taking it all influence whether you'll experience these symptoms. Chemotherapy drugs and radiation can destroy all types of healthy blood cells and harm the body's production of new ones. Low levels of red blood cells (the cells that carry oxygen) can lead to anemia, which causes tiredness, paleness, shortness of breath, and a fast heartbeat.

Radiation targets

DNA

chemotherapy targets

rapidly dividing cells such as chemo cells and hair cells

chemo can be given via

infusion
PO
injection

what are the immediate effects of chemotherapy?

extravasion
hyperkalemia
hyperphosphatemia
hypocalcemia
renal impairment

what is extravasation

leakage of agents/meds into tissues around IV site. similar to infiltration but it is worse because of the damage

within 24 hours of chemotherapy, a patient may experience

nausea vomiting (emesis)

10-14 days after chemotherapy, the patient will experience

blood count falls
mouth ulcers
change in taste
diarrhea

several months after chemotherapy, the patient will experience

affected heart and kidney

late toxicities of chemotherapies include

infertility and early menopause