Mirco-Biology Study

Who is considered the “Father of Western Medicine”?

Hippocrates

What was Thucydides’ findings?

What is Laid the foundation for immunity

Who was the first to observe “animalcules“ under the microscope

**Antonie van Leeuwenhoek**

Carl Linnaeus is known as the father of_____.

Binomial Nomenclature

Name at least 4 things about Louis Pasteur

**Pioneer for Microbio, Fermentation, Vaccines, Pasteurization, Disproved spontaneous gen. with swan neck flasks**

Define Microscope

Produce magnified images of microorganisms, human cells, and tissues, and many other types of specimens too small to be observed with the naked eye

**What is an inoculation loop?**

**A handheld tool that is a small wire that is used to capture and streak growth media**

**What is growth media?**

**Used to grow microorganisms in a lab setting**

**We use a bunsen burner to create a flame to ___ pieces of equipment**

**Sterilize**

**What do we use stains and dyes for?**

**They are used to add color to microbes so they can be better observed under a microscope**

**What are the two common features for all living cells?**

**Plasma Membrane &** 

 **Genetic Material**

**What are the three domains?**

**Bacteria,** 

**Archaea, &**

**Eukarya**

**What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukarotes?**

**Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus**

**Eukaryotes do have a nucleus**

What is the difference between the domain bacteria & archaea, which are both prokaryotes?

**Bacteria has cell walls called peptidoglycan**

**Archaea does not have peptidoglycan but pseudo-aquamarine membrane**

**What is the hierarchy of classification? (High to Low)**

**Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species**

Name the shape:

**Coccus, Cocci**

Name the Shape:

**Bacillus, Bacilli**

**What do you call a straight chain of bacilli?**

**Streptobacilli**

**What do you call a curved rod?**

**Vibrio**

**Name & Describe the**

**Name: Spirochete**

**Shape: Corkscrew**

**Are viruses cellular or acellular?**

**Acellular meaning that they are not composed of cells**

**The process by which microbes turn grape juice into wine is called ___.**

**Fermentation**

What is the name?

**The study of bacteria**

**What is Bacteriology?**

**The study of bacteria**

**Name at least 3 things you know about viruses**

**Acellular**

**DANN or RNA core**

**Core surrounded by protein coat**

**Maybe enclosed by lipid envelope**

**Pathogenic**

**They can live outside the host for a long time**

Who made the phylogenetic tree? ( Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)

Woese & Fox

What are the 4 sub domains of the Eukaryotes?

* Plant 
* Animals 
* Fungi
* Protist

What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, while Eukaryotes do.

What is the Hierarchy Classification?

* Kingdom 
* Phylum 
* Class
* Order
* Family
* Genus 
* Species

(keep pots clean or family gets sick)

What is the study of virology?

The study of viruses

Label the parts of microscope parts: 1, 3, 4, and 5.

**Ocular lens/eyepiece    3. Objective lens    4. Course focus (for 10x)    5. Fine focus  (40x and 100x)**

Which type of microscope can you use to visualize molecules?

**AF (atomic force) M and ST (scanning tunneling) M**

What are the advantages of bacterial fixing?

 **Adheres specimen to the slides and kills bacteria**

(**Heat and chemical fixing)**

Basic stains are — charged and acidic stains are — charged?

**Positively charged, negatively charged**

What is the charge on cells? What does acidic stains stain: the cell or background?

**Negative charge, acidic stains color background**

Which image represent: reflection, transmission, absorption, and refraction

**Blue: refraction, black: absorption, silver: reflection, white: transmission**

What are the difference between light and electron microscope?

What is the use of oil immersion?

**Improve resolution by reducing refraction is the use of oil immersion**

1. Complete the table chart below

What type of staining is used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis?

**Acid-fast staining or Ziehl-Neelson staining**

What will be the total magnification if the objective magnification is 40x in a light microscope?

**400x (40x X 10x)**

Who observed the dead cork cells under the microscope?

**Robert hooke**

\
**( Discovery of Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek: first person to see live microbes and called them animalcules )**

Which theory states that life arises from non-living matter?

**Spontaneous generation**

What was the discovery of Joseph Lister?

**Using chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections**

Who proposed the importance of handwashing in preventing transfer of disease between patients by physicians?

**Ignaz Semmelweis**

Who conducted the first epidemiological study?

**John Snow**

**(Which disease was the study about? Cholera breakdown)**

Who performed an experiment to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?

**Francesco Redi Maggot experiment and Louis Pasteur Swan neck experiment**

Define the theory of biogenesis?

**Life comes only from life.**

Chloroplast is one of the organelles that were derived from bacteria as a result of spontaneous generation theory? ( T or F)

False

**(Correct: Endosymbiotic theory)**

**What are the organelles? From Endosymbiotic theory**

**Mitochondria &** Chloroplast

How are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar to bacteria?

**Resemble bacteria in shape and size**

**Contain circular DNA**

**Contain 70s ribosomes**

Name the bacterial shape?

**Streptobacilli**

The cell with a cell wall is placed in hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell and name the term to describe the change occurring?

**The cell membrane will shrink as the cell loses water and this is called plasmolysis.**

The cell with no cell wall is placed in hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell and name the term to describe the change occurring?

**Cell will shrink as it loses water and it is called Crenation.** 

The cell without a cell wall is placed in hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell and name term to describe the change?

**The cell will gain water and swell and burst which is called lysis.**

What is the structure of a plasma membrane?

**Phospholipid bilayer**

**Peripheral proteins**

**Integral proteins**

Which transport mechanism requires the use of energy: active or passive transport?

Active

(why: **Because the substance moves from low to high concentration against the concentration gradient which requires energy.)**

Teichoic acids are present in which cell wall:

Gram Positive

**Does Gram Positive have thick or thin peptidoglycan layer?**

Thick

**Does Gram Negative have thick or thin peptidoglycan layer?**

Thin

What is the color of gram negative bacteria at the end of gram staining?

**Red or pink** 

(**Why: Because it have thin peptidoglycan layer.)**

**What is the glycocalyx and its function?**

“Sugar Coat” and contributes to virulence. Capsules prevent phagocytosis and glycocalyces allow cells to adhere to surfaces, aiding in the formation of biofilms

**What are the two types of glycocalyces?**

Capsule and Slime layer

**What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?**

Fimbriae:

* a few to several hundred per cell


* Allow attachment rather than motility

\
Pili:

* longer and fewer than fimbriae,
* Attachment and motility
* For DNA transfer or sexual reproduction

**What are the three parts of a flagella?**

Filament, Hook, and Basal Body

(Basal body: anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane.)

**What is the flagella made of?**

Made of chains of the protein flagellin

**What is motility?**

Enable cells to move toward a desired environment or flee from a harmful environment.

**Fill in the blank of the missing external stimuli:**

**If a cell with a peritrichous flagella rotates in a counterclockwise direction, it results in a ___.**

**When the flagella rotates in a clockwise direction, it results in a ___.** 

Run

Tumble

**Name the following types of flagella:**

mono = 1 

amphi = 2, but opposite sides “ambidextrous”

loph = “lopp” sidded

peri = around

**What happens to the length of the runs when there is a chemical gradient of an attractant? What happens to the length of the tumbles?**

Runs is extended and tumbles decreased.

**What are the 3 main characteristics of eukaryotic organisms?**

Nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane

Membrane-bound organelles

Cytoskeleton

**What is the nucleolus?**

Small, round granular body composed of protein and RNA, where ribosomal RNA is synthesized.

**What surrounds the nucleus?**

The nuclear envelope

**What are the four organelles that consist of the endomembrane system?**

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Vesicles

**What is the difference between Rough ER and Smooth ER?**

Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; sites of protein synthesis

Smooth ER: no ribosomesl synthesizes cell membranes, fats, hormones

**What is the cytoskeleton made up of? What is its function?**

1. Made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
2. Structural support
3. Network allowing for the Transport of material within the cell

**What is the mitochondria’s function?** 

**What kind of membrane does it have?**

**What kind of genetic materials does it have?**

a. “Powerhouse of the Cell” – ATP production

b. Double membrane-

* Outer membrane that is smooth
* Inner membrane: series of folds – cristae, where chemical reactions occur

c.  Matrix contain 70ss ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA>

**What do you call a membrane--enclosed structure containing chlorophyll and enzymes necessary for photosynthesis? (Not chloroplast)**

thylakoids

**What are sterols of the plasma membrane?**

Types of lipids on the plasma membrane of eukaryotes

**What is the cell wall of fungi made up of?**

Chitin

Name the Parts

a. - flimbria

b. cytoplasm

c. nucleoid

d. flagella

e. Cell wall

f. Plasma membrane

Name the Parts

a. Plasma membrane

b. nucleus

c. nucleolus

d. mitochondria

e. centrioles

f. Rough endoplasmic rectum

g. Golgi apparatus

h. flagella

A. *Staphylococcus epidermidis* uses the dead cells of the human skin as nutrients. This is an example of what type of relationship?

**Commensalism**

In what type of relationship one population is harmed and one is unaffected.

**Amensalism**

What is the other name of class alphaproteobacteria?

**Oligotrophs**

(**Why: Because they are capable of growing at a very low level of nutrients)**

**What is other name of betaproteobacteria?**

**Eutrophs.**

(**Why: Because they are capable of growing at a very high level of nutrients.)**

Which organism causes sexually transmitted disease that is common on college campuses?

***Chlamydia trachomatis***

(**What else does it cause? Trachoma leading to blindness)**

Most diverse and largest subgroup of gram negative bacteria?

**Gammaproteobacteria**

Smallest subgroup and largest subgroup of gram negative bacteria?

**epsilonproteobacteria**

Bacteria that are able to ferment lactose completely are called?

**Coliforms**

**What are non coliforms?**

**Either cannot lactose or lactose incompletely.**

Name an organism that causes typhoid fever?

***Salmonella typhi***

Name the toxin released by the strains of *E. coli* that can cause bloody diarrhea and peritonitis?

**Shiga toxin**

Match the following?

Which subgroup of proteobacteria include bacteria that are predators on other bacteria?

**Deltaproteobacteria**

Campylobacter and helicobacter and found in which subgroup of proteobacteria?

**Epsilonproteobacteria**

What are three subgroups of gram negative nonproteobacteria?

**Spirochetes, CFB group, and Cytophaga**

Bacteroides comprise upto what percent of normal microbiota in the human gut.

**30%**

What are the subgroups of gram positive bacteria?

**Actinobacteria**

**Bacilli**