The lens you look through – normally 10x or 15x magnification
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coarse focus adjustment
Moves the lens up or down and adjusts focus
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fine focus adjustment
Moves the lens in order to make very small adjustments to gain better focus
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base
The bottom of the microscope used for stability
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high-power objective
For increased magnification – usually 10x, 40x and 100x magnification
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stage
Where the slide is held/placed
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diaphragm
Varies intensity of the light projected upwards onto the slide
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light source
Sends light onto the specimen/slide
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cell
smallest unit of organization of a living thing
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plasma membrane
what encloses a cell
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organelles
things within a cell that carry out specific functions
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unicellular
made of 1 cell-- bacteria, yeast (fungus), algae, paramecium
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multicellular
consisting of many cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems-- plants, animals
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organelles visible under microscope
nucleus, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole (in plants), sometimes chloroplast
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plant cell under microscope
more rigid (cell wall), vacuole visible, chloroplast
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plant organelles
chloroplast, cell wall, central vacuole
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pond v stream
pond water specimen had more living elements within them
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base pairing
A-T, G-C
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DNA structure
nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group
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codon
a specific sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a strand of DNA or RNA that specifies the genetic code information for synthesizing a particular amino acid
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amino acid
what is formed during translation
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natural selection
traits and characters that improve survival of individuals within a population will increase
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peppered moths
textbook example of natural selection/ adapting to changing environment
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camouflage
disguise by camouflaging; exploit the natural surroundings to disguise something; physical adaptation that allows survival for species
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organism classification (in order)
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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systematics
study of relationships between organisms
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homologous traits
when 2 organisms share a body structure that was passed down from a common ancestor
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analogous traits
organisms possess body structures that serve similar functions but arose independently during evolution
really small, no membrane bound organelles, single cell
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eubacteria examples
streptococcus, anabaeria, e. coli, lactobacillus bulgaris
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protista
eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds-- weird traits (span across other kingdoms)
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protista examples
micrasterias, craticula
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fungi
decomposers, heterotrophs, cell wall
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fungi examples
mushrooms, shelf fungus, yeast
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heterotroph
do not make own food; rely on outside source for energy
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plantae
cell wall, photosynthetic, multicellular, usually autotrophic
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autotroph
can make own energy from either chemical or solar energy
marine or freshwater mollusks having a soft body with platelike gills enclosed within two shells hinged together
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bivalve examples
mussels, clams, oysters
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ichthes
class containing fishes
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bony fish
catfish, perch, swordtail fish
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jawless fish
east atlantic hagfish, lamprey
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cartilaginous fish
nurse shark, bull shark
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mammalia
class of warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female
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monotremes
mammals that lay eggs
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monotreme examples
echidna, platypus
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marsupial
mammals of which the females have a pouch containing the teats where the young are fed and carried
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marsupial examples
opossum, kangaroo, koala
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placental
mammals having a placenta; all mammals except monotremes and marsupials
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placental examples
rabbit, armadillo, raccoon, bat, deer, human
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reptilia
class of cold-blooded air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeleton and a body usually covered with scales or horny plates; lay eggs on land
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reptilia examples
rattlesnake, water snake, alligator, turtle, lizard
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amphibia
the class of vertebrates that live on land but breed in water
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amphibia examples
salamander, frog
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aves
the class of birds
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aves examples
owl, finch, red-tailed hawk, zosterops, peacock
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primary producers
transform solar energy to energy all other organisms can use
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herbivore
any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants
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carnivore
heterotrophs that consume herbivores or other carnivores
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decomposers
heterotrophs that consume dead or decaying matter
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trophic
each step up on food chain can only utilize 10% of the energy from the level below it
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niche
the role an organism plays in the ecosystem in terms of relationships with other organisms and abiotic factors
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commensalism
the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it
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mutualism
relationship between two types of organisms when both benefit from the relationship
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predation
one organism consumes another
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competition
2 organisms utilize the same LIMITED resource
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parasitism
the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it