chem exam 2

formaldehyde (methanal)

acetaldehyde (ethanal)

benzaldehyde (benxenecarbaldehyde)

acetone

acetophenone

increasing boiling point and strength of intermolecular forces

hydrocarbons → aldehydes/ketones → alcohols

formaldehyde use

preservation of biological specimens

acetone in health

byproduct of fatty acid metabolism, produced in excess in diabetes when the disease is not properly controlled

aldehydes are oxidized to

carboxylic acids

oxidation

replacing one C-H bond with a C-O bond on the carbon bearing OH group

ketone oxidation

not possible due to the lack of hydrogen on the carbon next to oxygen

hydrogenation

addition reaction where a group is added to both atoms on a double bond

acetial

has two OR groups bonded to the same carbon

hemiacetal

has one OH and one OR group bonded to the same carbon

hemiacetal formation

the addition of an alcohol to an alydehyde or ketone, catalyzed by H2SO4

acetal formation

when reacting with excess alcohol, the OH is removed and replaced with the alcohol group

isomers

different compounds with the same molecular formula

constitutional isomers

differ in the way atoms are connected to each other

stereoisomers

differ in the 3-dimensional arrangement of atoms that always have the same functional group

cis-isomer

two methyl groups on the same side of the double bond

trans-isomer

two methyl groups on the opposite side of the double bond

chiral

a molecule or object that is not superimposable on a mirror image (cannot align all parts of an object with its mirror image)

achrial

a molecule or object that is superimposable on its mirror image (can align all parts of an object with its mirror image)

enatiomers

mirror images that are not superimposable

chirality center

a carbon atom bonded to four different GROUPS

plane polarized light

light that consists of waves that oscillate in a single plane, arises from ordinary light though a polarizer

polarimeter

an instrument that allows plane polarized light to travel through a sample tube containing an organic compound

achiral compound optical activity

optically inactive, does not change direction of plane polarized light

chiral compound optical activity

optically active, rotates plane polarized light

detrorotary

rotation of light is clockwise, labeled as the (+) enantiomer

levorotary

rotation of light is counter clockwise, labeled as the (-) enantiomer

diastereoisomers

stereoisomers but not mirror images of eachother

aldehyde

ketone

alcohol

ether

alkyl halide

thiol

dehydration reaction

loss of H2O from a starting material

elimination reaction

a reaction where elements of the starting material are lost and a new multiple bond is formed

zaitsev rule

the major product in elimination is the alkene with more alkyl groups (CH3 groups) bonded to it

ethanol

formic acid

acetic acid

benzoic acid

isopropyl

tert butyl

tertiary carbon attached to branched alkyl group

sec-butyl

secondary carbon attached to branched alkyl group