Toxicity FLashcards

Who is the father of toxicology

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

Where is the primary site of detoxification

The liver

What are the types of toxic chemical dangers

allergens

neurotoxins

mutagens

terotogens

carcinogens

immune system depressants

Give some information about allergens

causes anaphylactic shock

Give some information about neurotoxins

reaches your brain and central nervous system

Brain has a blood-brain barrier, but it goes through that system

Give some information about mutagens

alters the dna sequence and manipulates it

example is the effects of the sun on your skin

Give some information about teratogens

is a type of mutagen and passes through the placenta

Can have effects on the baby

Give some information about carcinogens

promote cancer growth

does this by manipulating the dna or causes some cells to rapidly divide

Give some information about immune system depressants

indirect way that makes toxics that make you sick

reduces the amount of ways your body fights toxins

How many chemical compounds are there in the world that are toxic

More than 350,000

What are the top substances that are toxic to us

arsenic

lead

mercury

vinyl chloride

polychlorinated biphenyls

benzene

cadmium

DDT

What is arsenic used for

wood preservative

What is lead used for

Batteries, solder, ammunition

What is mercury used for

Manometers (for dung), amalgams (tooth filler), and switches

What is vinyl chloride used for

Intermediate used for polymer polyvinyl chloride

What is polychlorinated biphenyls used for

coolant fluids (banned in 1979)

What is benzene used for

component of gasoline

What is cadmium used for

batteries and electroplating

What is DDT used for

Insecticide (banned in 1972)

How often is the substance priority list determined for toxic materials

Every 2 years

What are the two persistent chemicals that we talked in class about

Polyvinyl chlorinated Biphenals (PCBs)

DDT

What is the use of pcbs

insulating fluid

Coolants

paints

sealants

fluorescent lights

building electronics

What is the use of DDT

Insecticide used to combat malaria, typhus, bed bugs, moths, lice

What are the health effects of pcbs

skin conditions

liver disease

developmental and reproductive issues

cancer

What is the health effects of ddts

disrupts nervous, liver, reproductive systems

hypertension

cancer

What is the biological half time

time it takes for a compound to decay in a person from breakdown and excretion

What is the biological half time of PCBs

7-11 years

What is the biological half time of DDT

6-10 years

What are the different routes of exposure to dangerous chemicals

water

incidental exposure (cosmetics, household accidents)

eating

breathing

occupation

drugs

What does bioaccumulation tell us about animals and toxins

As you go up the food chain, the more toxins there are in the animal

What are the different factors using model systems

cost

time

ethics

difficult to compare toxicity of chemicals with different species

What does the ames test tell us about the mutagen

It determines if it is effective

If you use a mutagen on a seemingly empty plate, and bacteria multiply, it shows that the mutagen is effective and compare it to the other plate

If you use a mutagen on a simlar plate, but nothing happebns to it, then it shows that the mutagen is not effective

WHat does the dose response curve show us

It shows that the most of the population in the middle is in the general population where the dose is toxic

For the poeple who are sensitive to the dose, they are in the minority and they are on either the lower dose and the upper dose

The people who are towards the lower dose are the people who are the most sensitive wihle the people on the upper dose are the least sensitive

What does the lethal dose 50% or the LD50 show us

It shows the percent mortality a substance has based off of its dosage in mg/kg

The line is s shaped and is more toxic when it is on the left than on the right

the amount of dosage on the left needs less of a dose for it to match the percent mortality than the graph of the dose on the right

What is an acute effect

It is a negative effect from a toxin from one exposure to it

it is usually reversable

What is a chronic effect

It is a long syndrome or permanent health effect

Results from either an exposure to a single really toxic material or continuous exposure to a less toxic material, but is still somewhat lethal

This is usually not reversible

In this picture of the DDT truck, what where they doing

They were spraying ddt on the beaches to prevent common pests