AP World Vocab

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty of Tordesillas

agreement between Spain and Portugal that aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered by Christopher Columbus; divided the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal; unintentionally gave Brazil to Portugal

manila galleons

ships that carried cargoes between mexico and the Philippines; linked the new world with Asia via the pacific; Philippines- point of contact of Europeans and Chinese

Cash crop

crops grown only for sale, sugarcane and tobacco

Plantation system

large farms producing one crop using slave labor; southern English colonies, Caribbean islands, central and south america

joint stock companies

business formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses; reduce risk for entrepreneurs, method: purchase share, share the risk, share the profit; appearance of large trading companies- English east India company

royal charters

formal documents issued by monarchs as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual body or corporate

putting out system

System of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment. Manufacture of large quantities of standardized products, frequently utilizing assembly line technology.

favorable balance of trade

an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad

peninsulares

from Iberian peninsula in European (born in Spain, live in america); highest social class; any of the colonial residents of Latin America from the 16th through the early 19th centuries who had been born in Spain.

criollos/ceoles

born in western hemisphere(born in america to spanish parents)

mestizos

Mestizos were people in the new colonial societies in Mexico and Peru who were mixed-race of Spanish and Indian decent./Spaniards often looked down on mestizos as illegitimate.

zambos

Latin American term for individuals born of indigenous and African parents.

audiencias

began as a judicial institution in medieval Spain, but in the 16th century, it was applied as the highest form of local government in key cities of the Spanish Empire.

casta system

system of racial identification; created in colonial times to explain mixed race families to those back in Spain but this racial hierarchy remained in place long after the Spanish had left Latin America.

potosi

City that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mind and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s.