Studied by 150 people
Good luck guys If you are studying from this, note that these are more general concepts than specific details, so don't rely only on these flashcards for studying.
Triple Alliance
Alliance between Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary in 1822
Triple Entente
Alliance between France, Russia, and Britain prior to WWI
Central Powers
Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire (began as)
Allies
Russia, France, and Britain
Militarism
Glorification of the military, resulting in strengthening of militaries
Militarism cause for WWI
Countries strengthened militaries, and as they saw others doing this and felt threatened, they did the same, until many were stronger and ready to fight in the war
Imperialism
The extension of country’s power over a colony or territory; occurred in centuries leading to WWI for major European powers
Imperialism cause for WWI
Competition for colonies caused additional tensions in world as countries competed for empires and resources
Imperialism in Morocco —> WWI
France and Germany almost fought war in Morocco in 1905 and 1911; the outcome was France gaining Morocco but Germany gaining land in central Africa. This situation strengthened France and Britain’s ties against Germany
Nationalism
Sense of pride and patriotism in one’s nationality and country
Nationalism in Germany
Proud of new military power and industrial leadership
Nationalism in France
French bitter about defeat in Franco-Prussian War; they wanted to recover lost border province of Alsace and Lorraine
Nationalism in Eastern Europe
Russia sponsored Pan-Slavism, a national identity shared among all Slavic people, with Russia being the largest, and therefore responsible to lead and defend all Slavs. So, by WWI, it was ready to support Serbia, a small Slavic nation.
Nationalism in Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire
Nationalism was strong in minorities in these Empires, fearing majority leaders. They believed it would foster rebellion and take territory from their nations
Nationalism in Balkan States
In 1912, Balkan States attacked Turkey and took away large territories, leading to wars among Balkan states, raising tensions
Sarajevo
Highly Serbian-populated city in Austria-Hungary where Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited and was assassinated
Gavrilo Princip
Man who fired at Archduke twice, killing him. Member of Unity or Death, AKA the Black Hand
The Black Hand
AKA Unity or Death; a group of Serbian nationalists who chose to take action against Austrians who they saw as foreign oppressors. Responsible for the death of the Archduke by Gavrilo Princip
Franz Ferdinand
Archduke (heir to the throne) of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated June 28th, 1914, alongside his wife Sophie in Sarajevo, by The Black Hand
Machine Guns
Developed by American, Hiram Maxim
Germans saw potential and produced them in large numbers for military
Much more effective at causing damage
Zeppelins
Large balloon-like aircraft used first by Germany to bomb enemy lands
Airplanes
Used by militaries to observe military troops above to defend and attack armies
Armed planes
When aircraft was present in war, both sides began arming their planes with machine guns, causing in air “dogfights” between planes
Poison gas
Controversial weapon of WWI
Used by Germans first; released from large cylinders and carried by wind to enemy lines
Would kill anyone though, not only soldiers, so controversial
By 1918 it was frequently used by all sides, causing victims to go blind, be chocked, gain agonizing burns and blisters, or een die
Masks were eventually made, but didn’t do much
Submarines
Underwater vessels used for travel, surveillance and attacks, most prominently German U-boats who did tremendous damage to the allied side in naval warfare, sinking merchant ships carrying supplies to Britain
Blockade
A barrier of naval ships preventing movement or access to a place or resource
Used in WWI to restrict flow of goods to enemy countries
Britain used blockade on Germany, bringing total war to it’s civilians, as well as a famine, and bringing Germany to it’s collapse in 1918
Trench Warfare
Combat in WWI where soldiers fought from trenches dug in ground
Both sides had miles of trenches and obstacles and barbed wire in the space between
Caused stalemate in the war
Surplus women
Large number of unmarried women left over due to the decrease in male population due to the war
Led to societal changes; women could work since they couldn’t always rely on husbands
Marriage Bars
Policies that prevented married women from being employed to prioritize male employment and maintain traditional gender roles, also in order to bring employment back to men after women took their jobs during the war, therefore pushing women out of their war-time professions
Suffrage
Women’s increased role in society during WWI gained them suffrage in many countries, though further participation in political life remained limited
Armenian Genocide
The Genocide of Armenian people by the Turkish government of the Ottoman Empire during WWI
Why did Armenian Genocide happen
Armenians were minority in Ottoman Empire, but were still successful —> Ottomans resented this for a long time —> when WWI began, they claimed Armenians were traitors and would support Russia because they were Christian (Armenians were Christian in a Muslim Empire) in the war —> Turkish Ottoman government held a genocide because of this
When was Armenian Genocide
1915
What happened to Armenians in the Genocide
They were killed, sent to the desert (Syria), or to camps to work and eventually die
Armin Wegner
German writer from Associated Press who documented genocide, putting himself at great risk
Musa Dagh Mountains Evacuation
Armenians from 6 villages took refuge on Musa Dagh for 40 days, resisting Turks
Eventually were rescued by French naval forces who took them to safety in Egypt, after receiving messages seeking help from Armenain Leaders
Once in Egypt, Armenians were given shelter and support, then relocated to other parts of the world to rebuild their lives
Ottoman Empire
Multi-ethnic empire at time of WWI in Southeast Europe / Middle East
Majority was Turks who had power
Minorites were Armenians, Greeks, Kurds, Persians, and Arab people (had less rights)
Ottoman Empire was on side of Central Powers
Treaty of London of 1915
Treaty between Italy, Great Britain, France, and Russia, with a goal to get Italy to join the allies in the war
They promised Italy territory from Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire if they could receive Italian support
Terms of treaty weren’t fully realized until after War, causing discontentment from Italy
Sykes Picot Agreement
Secret treaty between Britain and France from 1916
Planned to work together to divide Ottoman Arab territory into spheres of influence for the two countries, as they wanted oil from the region
Failed to take into account ethnic and religious diversity, and drew arbitrary lines instead, leading to more tension in the area
TE Lawrence
Leader from Arab Revolt who was a British military officer
Known for guerrilla warfare tactics and efforts to unite Arab tribes against Ottomans
King Crane Commission
Set up by US to investigate opinions of those in Middle East regarding post-WWI settlement
Led by Henry Churchill King and Charles R. Crane
Their report reflected that lines drawn by Sykes Picot were arbitrary, and should be changed
This was negotiated at Paris Peace conference, but ultimately, the King Crane Commission’s version of Middle Eastern states wasn’t created
Arab Revolt
A revolt of Arab nationalists in the Arabian Peninsula against the Ottoman Empire in 1916
Arab Revolt causes
Arab nationalism, beginning in early 1800s with the age of revolutions
Tension with Turkish leaders of empire, because of Turk’s lack of Ottoman Piety to Islam
Because of this tension, Arabs had less rights, so they wanted to revolt
T.E. Lawrence
British military officers who led and supported Arab forces successfully, using guerrilla warfare and capturing strategic locations
British involvement in Arab Revolt
Durring WWI, in 1916, British from Egypt colonial territory saw the Arabs in the Ottoman Empire, and made a promise to Arabs that they would help them fight against the turks and make them “independent nations”, but they would really just make them spheres of influence to gain their oil
After revolt’s success, when the Arabian representatives asked for their nations, Britain and France made them colonial mandates. (Following through on sykes-picot)
Paris Peace Conference
Meeting held in Paris at the end of WWI (1919) to negotiate terms of peace and the post war settlement
Fourteen points
Fourteen points made by American President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace conference on how to recover our world going forward
Point one
Open diplomacy
No secret treaties, because of problems such as Sykes-Picot and Treaty of London
Point two
Freedom of seas
Unless international agreement to close off seas, because of problems like blockades and trade barriers in seas
Point 3
Free trade
No barriers on trade, such as taxes and tariffs
Allows for world trade and companies to be more interdependent, so we are less likely to go to war with each other
Point 4
Reduction of armaments aside from those for domestic safety
Unrealistic because of vague language of “domestic safety”
Point 5
No colonies, National sovereignty
End to colonial rule because groups should have the right to self rule
Colonial empires caused tensions around world that cause war
Points 6-13
Self determination for nations after WWI
Point 6 country
Russia
Point 7 country
Belgium
Point 8 country
France
Point 9 country
Italy
Point 10 country
Austria-Hungary
Point 11 country
Balkan states
Point 12 country
Turkey and nations under Turkey
Point 13 country
Poland
Point 14
International organization between countries should come together
Created League of Nations
National self determination
Idea that each nation or ethnic group would have the right to govern themselves
Became significant after WWI as more nations sought independence with the drawing of new boarders
Free trade
Trade without taxes or tariffs making countries more interdependent in their trade, making world more interdependent
Treaty of Versailles
Most important treaty at Paris Peace conference putting conditions on losing side, Germany
Blame - Germany must take blame for WWI
Reparations - Germany had to pay high damages bills to allies
Armed forces reduction - No navy or airforce, army could be up to 100,000 only
Territory losses- eastern and western land to Poland and France, lost overseas colonies, demilitarized Rhineland, no union with Austria allowed
League of Nations - International organization for peace
Treaty of Saint Germain
Treaty from Paris Peace Conference, 1919
Broke Austrian Empire into a small Austrian nation and other smaller countries who gained independence or got back land
Treaty of Sevres
Treaty from Paris Peace Conference, 1919
Imposed the Sykes-Picot spheres of influence in the middle east
Reparations
Large damages bills that Germany had to pay to Allies as result of losing the war
Tsar Nicholas II
Russian Tsar at time of WWI
How did Tsar Nicholas II mess up?
He made a patriotic gesture of taking command of armies at front lines in 1915 during WWI, but knew nothing about war, so it failed on the front lines, and back home after he left domestic affairs in the hands of the Tsarina
Ultimately abdicated and provisional government set up
Tsarina Alexandra Romanov
Wife of Tsar Nicholas II
Domestic affairs were her responsibility after Nicholas took military control
She relied on advice of Grigory Rasputin, who she beleived to have magical powers, after he helped her son who suffered from hemophilia
This didn’t go well
Alexei Romanov
Son of Tsar Nicholas II who suffered from hemophillia and was helped by Grigory Rasputin
Grigory Rasputin
Russian mystic known for his healing influence on Alexei Romanov, making him rusted by Tsarina Alexandra, giving him significant influence in country’s matters while Tsar was away
Killed by Russian Nobles December 29th, 1916
Aleksandr Kerensky
Led Provisional Government of Russia
Promised democracy, but not things people wanted
Passed “Kerensky Offensive” in July of 1917
Goal was to unite Russia
But it failed, as it kept Russia in the war (they didn’t want to be) and failed to address peasant’s demands for food and land
So people were upset with Provisional Government
Vladmir Levin
Led Bolsheviks in taking rule from Provisional Government in Russia.
Promised people peace from war, land for peasants, and food, but not a democracy
People liked this, so they were able to take over Russia
Soviet Union was established by Bolsheviks (communists) with Lenin as ruler
Leon Trotsky
Figure from Bolshevik Party who primarily led Bolsheviks (reds) in Russian civil war
Communism
Political ideology of Karl Marx for a society where all wealth, land, and work is shared among everyone according to their needs
This was what Bolsheviks aimed to establish in Russia
Revolution of 1905
Uprising in Russia January-December 1905
People were upset about how things ran in Russia, and revolted
Weren’t successful in overthrow, but it laid the foundation for a future revolution.
February Revolution of 1917
Uprising because of unrest over Russia and the Tsar, after food shortages and war failure
leading to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of the provisional government by Kerensky
October Revolution of 1917
Led by ladmir Lenin and Bolsheviks against Provisional Government to establish a communist state
They were very successful because of unrest with Provisional government
Established Soviet Union
Bolsheviks
Led by Vladmir Lenin, believed in a communist state in Russia
Renamed Communists
Established Soviet Union
Mensheviks
Originally a part of Russian Social Democratic Labor Party that split into Mesheviks and Bolsheviks
Believed in gradual transition to communism instead of radical and immediate revolution
Fought as “Whites” in Russian Civil War
Provisional Government
The governemnt that took rule after Tsar Nicholas II abdicated
Offered democracy but not what people wanted
Didn’t take country out of war or address people’s concerns and demands
So Bolsheviks overthrew
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Signed by Lenin and Russia to take Russia out of war after Bolsheviks took power
Gave up some Russian territory to get Russia out of war
Changed dynamics because now Germany could focus on Western Front
Russian Civil War
War from November 1917 to June 1923
Between Reds (Bolsheviks) and Whites (Counterrevolutionaries)
Reds won and formed communist soviet union
Reds
Led by Leon Trotsky consisted of Bolsheviks aka Communists
Whites
Led by monarchists and militarists. Anti-revolutionaries including tsarists, mensheviks, and others
Supported by Allies, hoping they would overthrow communists and re-enter the war helping them fight Germans
New Economic Policy
Economic policy introduced by Bolsheviks in early 1920s to recover soviet economy after civil war in Russia
Allowed for non-communist principles of economy (private enterprise, capitalism, etc.) aiming to stabilize economy
Helped with economic recovery, but betrayed party’s original principles of communism
Cheka
Secret Red police force like the tsar’s who executed ordinary citizens if suspected of taking action against revolution
Commisar
Communist party officials who taught party’s principles to ensure loyalty to the party
Note
Flashcard